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1、小升初难点内容Page 1 of 6 小升初难点内容一、现在完成时二、状语从句条件状语从句三、宾语从句四、非谓语 do/to do/doing 基本构成及用法（ 1）构成： 现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (haven t) studied.Have I studied?You have not (haven t) studied.Have y
2、ou studied?He has not (hasn t) studied.Has he studied?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）Have I not (Haven t I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you haven t.Have you not (Haven t you) studied?Yes, I have. No, I haven t.Has he not (Hasn t he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasn t.（ 2）用法：1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或
3、状态对现在的 结果或影响 。My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。I m sure we ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。She has arrived. 她到了。2） 表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just, lately, for , since,yet 等。如：I haven t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。We haven t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。They
4、have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday. 现在完成时涉及到的初中语法小升初难点内容Page 2 of 6 注意：a) since 和 for 的区别since 后接时间点（过去时间点），表示 “ 自从 到现在 ” ，如 1993， last term, yesterday, the time I got there for 后接一段时间，表示“ 长达多久 ” ，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。b）have (has) been to /have (has
5、) gone to的区别表示 “ 曾到过某地 ” 要用“ have (has) been” ; 表示 “ 已经去某地 ” 要用“ have (has) gone”。试比较：Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。 （现在已经不在加拿大）They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。 （可能在路上和已经到加拿大）. 除了上述两个短语，我们还常见到 “ ha s been in+ 地点 + for + 一段时间 ”
6、的句式， 意为 “ 待在某地多长时间了 ” ，例如：This lady has been in Germany for seven years. c）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in ，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：现在完成时一般过去式She has already come.
7、 她已经来了。She came yesterday. 她昨天来了He has always been a good student. 他一直是个好学生He was a good student. 他原来是个好学生They have never been to Yan an. 他们从未去过延安。They went to Yan an last month.他们上个月去了延安Lily has lived in Guangzhou for 10 years. 莉莉在广州住了10 年了Lily lived in Guangzhou 10 years ago.莉莉 10年前住在广州【练习 1】一、用 s
8、ince 和 for 填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days. 3. His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days. 4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock. 5. India has been an independent country _1974. Keys: since, for, for, since, since. 二、根据中文上下文，选用has been
9、to, has gone to 或 has been in 填空1. Mrs. Webb _ Guangzhou for more than two weeks. 2. Where is Doris? She _the Carrefour( 家乐福 ). 3.How many times _ you _Okinawa(冲绳 )？Three times. Keys: has been in, has gone to, have, been to. 小升初难点内容Page 3 of 6 三、 单项选择1. How long have you _ here? A. come B. got C. ar
10、rived D. been 2. My grandpa died _. A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6. 3. Jane has _ to Beijing. She will come back tomorrow. A. been B. gone C. went D. never been 4. It is ten years _ I last saw her. A. after B. since C. for D. that 5. -Who will go to the station
11、 to meet Lorry? -I will. I _ her several times. A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet 6. -What a nice dress! How long _ you _ it? -Just 2 weeks. A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had 7. The Smiths _ in China for 8 years. A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live 8. -Hello, this
12、is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? - Sorry. He _ the Bainiao Park. A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to 9. -_ you ever _ to the US? - Yes, twice. A. Have, gone B. Have, been C. Do, go D. were, going 10. Jay _ a singer for over 15 years. A. has been B. is being C. have
13、 been D. is Keys: DCBBB DCBBA 连接条件状语从句的连接词主要有if, as/so long as, unless 等。引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，常见的if 条件状语从句表示在某条件下，某事很可能发生，条件是可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。（表示主句动作发生的条件）1如果主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，条件从句的谓语要用一般现在时表示将来时。（主将从现）例： I ll wait for you if you come tomorrow.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you
14、. You wont pass the exam unless you work hard on it. 条件状语从句小升初难点内容Page 4 of 6 2unless = if not. 例： Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 【练习 2】一、 单项选择1. The volleyball match will be put off if it_ . A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rai
15、ning 2. We _ Beijing tomorrow if it doesn t rain. A. are going to B. would C. shall D. will go 3.If you _ to the party, you ll have a great time. A. will go B. went C. go D. going 4 I _ her the answer if she _me. A. can tell, will ask B. will tell, will ask C. would tell, ask D. will tell, asks 5.-
16、What are you going to do tomorrow? -We ll go to the library tomorrow if it _. A. isn t rainB. rain C. won t rainD. doesn t rain6.-Do you know when he will come back tomorrow? -Sorry, I don t know. When he _ back, I ll tell you. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come 7. What will you do if you _ t
17、o the old folk s home visit?A. go B. went C. going D. will go 8. I ll give the book to him if he _ here next Sunday. A. will come B. comes C. is coming D. came Keys: BACDD AAB 二、翻译下列句子如果他们不在家,我们就不去拜访了。如果我们开派对,将在晚上七点开始。如果明天有空,我会和你一起去喂狗。如果明天他不来,我会代替他去的。如果你不给花浇水,它们会死亡。Keys: If they are not at home, we
18、won t visit them.If we hold a party, it will begin at seven o clock.If I am free tomorrow, I will feed the dogs with you. If he doesn t come tomorrow, I will go instead of him.小升初难点内容Page 5 of 6 If you don t the flowers, they will die.什么是复合句？复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构 充当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、表
19、语、定语、状语等。宾语从句的定义：在复合句中，做宾语的从句叫宾语从句。构成：动词（短语）/ 介词/ 系 表 + 引导词+ 宾从考点一： 宾语从句的用法“三关”原则。第一关： 引导词关1. 由 that 引导宾语从句。（That 只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。）如： He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesn t know (that) she is seriously ill.I am sure (that) he will succeed. 2. 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what
20、, which 和连接副词 when, where, why, how 引导宾语从句。注意： 这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。如： Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don t know why the train is late. 第二关： 语序关宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。（重点考察）如： What does he like？+ I wonde
21、r I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜欢什么。Where were you born ？+ He asked He asked me where I was born.他问我出生的地方。第三关： 时态关宾语从句时态关系1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。（主现从随便）如： I don t think (that) you are right.Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 宾语从句小升初难点内容Page 6
22、 of 6 2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态。（主过从必过）如： He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet. He asked if you had written to Peter. He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon. 3.如宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时，此时不受主句时态影响。（客观真理永一现）如： Our teacher said that January is th
23、e first month of the year. Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun. 总结：宾语从句钻石三原则：1. 宾语从句使用陈述语序。2. 主从句时态“保持一致”。3. 宾语从句描述客观事实、普遍真理一律用一般现在时。【练习 3】一、单项选择1. Can you tell me _? She is in the computer lab. A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda is 2. -Excu
24、se me, could you tell me _? -Sorry, sir. I wasnt there at that time. A. how did the accident happen B. how the accident happened C. how does the accident happen D. how the accident happens 3. I really want to know _. A. what is wrong with my brother B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he
25、 bought that car D. where did he go yesterday 4. Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me_? A. where is the bank nearest B. where is the nearest bank C. where the nearest bank is D. the nearest bank is where 5. -Could you tell me _? He is wanted by the head teacher. -Sorry, I ve no idea. But he _ here just
26、 now. A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim, was C. where Tim is, was D. where Tim is, is 6. Could you tell me _? Yes, it will start at ten. 小升初难点内容Page 7 of 6 A. when will the meeting begin B. when the meeting will begin C. where the meeting begins D. where does the meeting begin 7. Everyone can pl
27、ay an important role in the society. As members, we should try our best to do_. A. what we should do B. what should we do C. how we should do 8. I dont know_. A. how often he visits his grandparents B. how soon will he come back C. how many students are there in his class D. how long is the bridge 9
28、. Can you tell me _? By doing more speaking. A. how I will improve my English B. which way can I choose C. how do I deal with my English D. what s wrong with my English 10. Excuse me. Could you tell me_? I want to post a letter. Sure. It s between Hongqi Supermarket and Jinglong Hotel. A. where was
29、the post office B. where the post office is C. how can I get to the cinema D. how I can get to the cinema 11. Miss Green didnt tell us_ in 2002, but now she lives in our school. A. where does she live B. where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived 12. -Excuse me, could you tell me _ the
30、 book about aliens? -Sure, take the lift to the second floor. A. where I can buy B. where can I buy C. when can I buy D. when I can buy 13. -Do you know _ the MP4 yesterday? - Sorry, I ve no idea about it. A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much
31、 for 14. -Do you know _ about Wuhu? -The people and the food. A. how Jack likes B. what Jack likes C. how does Jack like D. what does Jack like 15. I hear one third of the books in Wuhu library _ new. Let s borrow some. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. Can you tell me _? I d like to buy some school t
32、hings. A. when does the supermarket open B. when the supermarket opens C. when the supermarket opened 小升初难点内容Page 8 of 6 17. - Would you please tell me _? - Of course. About twenty minutes walk. A. how far is it from the hotel B. how far it is from the hotel C. how long you have been in the hotel D.
33、 how long have you been in the hotel 18. Lilys mother looked for her for half an hour, but couldn t find _. A. what Lily was B. what was Lily C. where Lily was D. where was Lily Keys: DBACC BAAAB DABBB BBC 谓语动词是指动词在句中独立作谓语时采用的形式，如各种时态的形式。非谓语动词是指动词在句中不独立作谓语时采用的形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词、过去分词）三种, 小升初我们重点学习前
34、两种。一、动词不定式（to do）肯定形式： to do 否定形式： not (to) do 小升初常出现的有：would like, want, learn, need, agree, plan, wish例： I hope to see her soon. She wants to go to university some day. He began to read and write after lunch. （当一个以上的不定式连用时，后面的不定式往往省略to。） 常见的一些省略to的动词不定式的句式Why not do , had better (not) do,could/wou
35、ld/will you please (not) doYou had better (not) go alone tomorrow. 还有一些是加宾语的不定式want sb. to do sth., ask sb. to do sth., tell sb. to do sth., 例： My mother asks me to clean the room every day. 【练习 4】1. 邮局离这儿有点远，你最好坐车去。The post office is a bit far from here. _take a bus. 2. 为什么不早点儿把这个好消息告诉他呢？_tell him
36、the good news a little earlier? Keys: You had better, Why not 非谓语小升初难点内容Page 9 of 6 二、动名词 (doing) 小升初常出现的有：enjoy, finish, mind, practice, have fun, spend, feel like, keep, be used to等例： She enjoys going to the cinema. He keeps making the same mistakes. 部分短语后加doing 常用的有be afraid of, be good at, How a
37、bout/What about, be interested in, thank you for, instead of, spend money/time in doing sth 记住：介词 +v-ing. 【练习 5】1.很抱歉今天不能陪你去购物，明天怎么样？I m sorry I can t go shopping with you today. _tomorrow? 2.我对踢足球感兴趣。I _football. Keys: How/What about, am interested in playing. 可接 to do 又可接 doing 的动词一、意思有差别的动词如下： se
38、e, watch, hear, find 请比较： I saw the old man crossing the street. 我看见那个老人正在过街。（表示动作正在进行）I saw the old man cross the street. 我看见那个老人过街。（表示动作全过程）forget, remember 请比较： I remember posting the letter.（已经做过）Remember to post the letter. （没有做）I will never forget seeing him for the first time. He forgot to do
39、 his homework. stop, go on 请比较： They stopped talking . （停止或继续）做同一件事They stopped to talk . （停下来或接下去）做另一件事The teacher asked us to go on reading . The teacher asked us to go on to read . 【练习 6】1. I heard someone_the door and _. A. open; come in B. to open; to come in C. open; coming in D. to open; to c
40、oming in 小升初难点内容Page 10 of 6 2. -Is Jack in the library? -Maybe. I saw him _ out with some books just now. A. going B. go C. to go D. went Keys: AA 二、意思差别不大的动词如下：begin, start, hate, like, love 例： The teacher said, “You begin writing now,” and the children began to write . Will you start reading / to
41、 read ? 有时， like 后接动名词时，表示经常性的爱好；后接不定式时，表示一次性的或独特的爱好。例： I like traveling and, especially, to travel with friends. He doesn t like reading , but he likes to read newspapers in bed. 一单项选择1. I dont know _. Can you tell me, please? A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two
42、 players are how old D. how old the two players are 2. The small children dont know _. A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings 3. I cant understand _. A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean C. what mean Ch
43、ristmas does D. what Christmas means 4. Can you see_? A. what hes reading B. what is he reading C. what does he read D. he reads what 5. - What did your son say in the letter? -He told me that he_ the Disney the next day A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit 6. “ Mr Zhang,
44、 youd better _ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor. A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat 7. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered 8. My mother often asks me _ early. A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up 9. The y
45、oung lady watched her daughter _ a yo-yo yesterday afternoon. 课后练习小升初难点内容Page 11 of 6 A. to play with B. playing with C. to play D. plays 10. Look! How heavy the rain is! Youd better _. A. dont go now B. stay here when it stops C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once 11. Remember _ your
46、homework here tomorrow. A. to bring B. to take C. bringing D. taking 12. Let s have a rest, shall we? -Not now. I dont want to stop _ the letter yet. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write 13. If you _ to the party, you ll have a great time. A. will go B. went C. go D. going 14. How long have
47、you _ here? A. come B. got C. arrived D. been 15. What are you going to do tomorrow? -We ll go to the library tomorrow if it _. A. isn t rain B. rain C. wont rain D. doesn t rain 16. Do you know when he will come back tomorrow? -Sorry, I dont know. When he _ back, I ll tell you. A. comes B. will com
48、e C. come D. may come 17. The Smiths _ in China for 8 years. A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live 18. -Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? - Sorry. He _ the Bainiao Park. A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to 19. -_ you ever _ to the US? - Yes, twice.
49、A. Have, gone B. Have, been C. Do, go D. were, going Keys: DDDAD CBDBC ACCDD ACBB 二. 用适当的时态填空：1.She s _ (live) here since she was ten. 2.Both of them _ (be) in Hongkong for ten days. 3.Both of them _ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago. 4. Half an hour _ (pass) since the train _ (leave). 5. Mary_(lose)
50、her pen. _ you _(see) it here and there? 6. _ you _ (find) your watch yet? 7. -Are you thirsty? -No I _just _ (have) some orange. 8. We_ already _ (return) the book. 9. _ they _ (build) a new school in the village yet? 10. I _(not finish) my homework . Can you help me? 11. I m hungry. I feel like _(
51、have) some dumplings in the restaurant.12. Would you like _(join) us in _(plant) trees on the hill this weekend? 小升初难点内容Page 12 of 6 13. He is planning _ (go) to Shanghai _ (have) a meeting. 14. My grandpa enjoys _(listen) to Beijing Opera. Keys: lived; have been; came; has passed, left; lost, Have,
52、 seen; Have, found; have, had; have, returned; Have, built; haven t finished, having, to join; planting, to go; to have, listening 三阅读理解The earth moves round the sun, and the moon moves round the earth. When our part of the earth turns to the sun, it is day. When our part of the earth turns away fro
53、m the sun, it is night. The sun is much bigger than the moon. But sometimes the moon looks bigger than the sun, because its much nearer to the earth. The sun is very bright. It gives a very strong light. The moon looks quite bright, too. But it doesnt give any light at all. The moon looks much bigge
54、r and brighter than the stars. But in fact the stars are much bigger and brighter than the moon. They look smaller than the moon because theyre much farther away from us. 1. _ moves round _. A. The earth, the moon B. The moon, the earth C. The moon, the stars D. The sun, the earth 2. Sometimes the m
55、oon looks bigger than the sun, because _. A. it is much bigger than the sun B. it comes out only at night C. it is much nearer to the earth than the sun D. it doesnt give a very strong light 3. The sun _. A. gives us light B. gives more light than the moon does C. moves round the earth D. makes the
56、moon move round the earth 4. The stars _. A. look much bigger than the sun B. look much brighter than the moon C. are a lot brighter than the moon, but they are not bigger than the moon D. are much farther away from us than the moon 5. The moon looks bright because _. A. it gives light B. it reflects ( 反射 ) the suns light C. it is nearer to the earth D. it is nearer to the sun Keys: BCADB
