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1、学习必备欢迎下载语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用. 2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent 1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行词关系代词定语从句2) You must do everything that I do. 先行词关系代词定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room which I lived
2、in last year. 先行词关系代词定语从句(三)：定语从句中有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as. 关系副词when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who 人主、宾、表Whom 人宾That 人&物主、宾、表Which 物主、宾、表As 物主、宾精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页学
3、习必备欢迎下载Whose=of whomof which 人&物定语关系副词When=atinonduring which 时间状Where=atinto which 地点状Why=for which 原因状that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状表语 ：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be 之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语 。This is the place where we work. （ vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place whic
4、h we visited. (vt. ) 做主语 The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做宾语 The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表语 Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. 做定语 She has a brother whose name I cant remember.做状语 The school where he studied is
5、in Shenzhen.1.在定语从句中，that 和 which 用来指代物。eg：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest. 2.在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。eg：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. 3.当 who 在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom 来取代，且whom 比 who 更正式。eg：I don t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw i
6、n the computer room theother day. 4.当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which 和 that 可以被省略。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载eg：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him. 5.Whose 用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。eg：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. The club whos
7、e members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturdayafternoon.（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词， 可以由关系代词 关系副词或that 来引导。 非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that 引导。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚
8、或完整标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人 who (that) whom 指物 which (that) 人和物 whose 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who （作主语）whom（做宾语）指物 which 人和物的 whose 关系代词一般不可省精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是
9、唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用 that ,why.作宾语可以省略不可用 that ,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句（六）关系代词that 和 which 的区别 只能用 that 的情况(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用 which 。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears. E
10、verything that we saw was interesting. I m interested in everything that I don t know.All that is needed is a supply of oil. (2) 如果先等词被all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用 that,不用 which. 例如： I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in m
11、y pocket. All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载(3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用 which 。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I visited. This is the be
12、st film that I have ever seen. This is the funniest thing that I ever heard. (4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last 修饰，关系代词常用that,不用 which. This is the only book that I really like. He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball. (5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who,
13、 which. 例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. (6)who ,which 开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that. Who is the person that is standing there? Which of us that knows English doesn t know this?which of the novel do you like best? (8)
14、 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that . Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句“ there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers. 当先行词是 way 、moment 、time 等时用 that ，且常省略。Who 做先
15、行词时，引导定语从句用that; 只能用which 的情况1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载Bei jing , which is china s capital, is rich in culture.2)those/th
16、at +名词后的定语从句用which 引导。不能用关系代词that。That pen which he took is mine. A shop should keep those goods which sells well. 3) 介词后只用which This is the room in which he lived. I don t know the man to whom you talked.The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood. (4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整
17、体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用that.例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5)先行词是that 时，关系代词要用which. What s that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词which. Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve y
18、our English. 只用 who, whom. 而不用 that 的情况(1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用who 或 whom，不用which .that 。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you? People all like those who have good manners. （ 2）当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成
19、员，则用who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother s sis
20、ter. 补充当先行词为by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when 而用 that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. The first time I saw him was in 1980 By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics 但如果 time 前无修饰语 ,关系词用 that when 均可3. 当先行词为
21、way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略 . This is the way that/ in which / 不加he smiles. one of the 与 the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China. Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China. （九） As 与 which 是有区别的A) 相同之处：都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内
22、容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity. He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy. B) 区别：1） as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileo s theory of falling objects is right.= Galileo
23、s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileo s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know. 2) As is expected, the England team won the football match. 3) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 4) He was late again, which made me unhappy 精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
24、 - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载2.）as 有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是 see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。Our team won the game, which made us happy. As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或 the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the same as such .asThis
25、is the same story as he told me. I hope to get such a book as he is using 4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephant s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as 做主语时，其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted. He was murdered, as seemed true. 补充put away v.
26、放好 ,整理好 ，抛弃put on v 穿上put up v.举起，进行 , 提供 ,表现出 , 建造 , 提名 , 推举put off v. 推迟 , 拖延 , 脱掉put into v. 使进入 , 把.翻译成put down v. 放下 , 拒绝 , 记下 , 制止put out v.放出 , 生产 , 消除 , 打扰put in 插话系动词1）状态系动词be 2）持续系动词keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 3）表像系动词seem, appear, look, 4）感官系动词feel, smell, sound, taste, 5）变化系动词be
27、come, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 6）终止系动词prove, turn out6）the same as 与 the same .that 的区别：前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the same watch that I lost. 着就是我丢的那一只手表。1. Nearly all th
28、e streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues. A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that 2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. when B. where C. that D. on which 3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this a
29、utumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how 4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ . A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him to C. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him 5. How d
30、id you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 7. The treatment will con
31、tinue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do d
32、oes good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载A. as B. when C. until D. before 11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a pa
33、rt of China. We must unify it. A. It B. As C. Which D. What 12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that 13. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store. A. that which
34、 B. one that C. that of which D. this of which 14. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world. A. that B. what C. which D. as 15. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A. all whose homes B. all of whose homes C. all their homes D. all of their ho
35、mes 16. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. on which D. which 17. Is this research center _ you visited the modern equipment last year? A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where 18. Some pictures of
36、 the river brought the days back to the old _ they swam in it. A. when B. that C. who D. where 19. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift. A. that B. as C. which D. and 20. He stayed there for quite a long time, during _ time he learned much spoken English. A. that B. this C. which D.
37、same 21. He bought the car for more than $20, 000, _ his father was angry. A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载22.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 2
38、3. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 24.I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which, 25. This mac
39、hine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 26.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 答案与解析：1. A. 主语与 run( 延伸 )是主动关系，所以用现在
40、分词。Those 指街道，所以不用who而用 that来引导定语从句。2. B. 因为在此题中where 引导定语从句，表示“在这种种况下”，与in which相当。3. A. 因为先行词是Beijing而不是 this autumn所以用 where 引导定语从句。4. B. 答案 B 是省略了关系代词that的定语从句， 另外，to 后还省略了动词原形paint 。5. C. 因为 of which引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语。Of which the telephone number = whose telephone number。6. D. 因为这是个非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面
41、一句话的内容。7. B. 因为表示“阶段、程度、地步”的the point在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导定语从句。8. B. 因为先行词是research centers并在定语从句中作状语，所以用where 。9. C. 因为当先行词是表示事物的all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing等时，多用that引导定语从句。10. 因为先行词是the time，且在定语从句中作状语，所以用when 引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了，要善于辨别。11. B. 先行词是Taiwan is a part of Ch
42、ina整个主句，一般由as 或 which 引导定语从句，但 which 引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后，另外，as 有“正如”之意，而which 没有， 所以用 as。 顺便说说，原句改为：It is known to everybody that Taiwan 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载is= What is known to everybody is that Taiwan is12. A. 两空都是考查定语从句，先行词分别是the day和 Shen Zhou V was laun
43、ched, the day 在定语从句中作状语，用 when 引导； 后句是非限制性定语从句，不能用 that ，要用 which 。13. A. 因为替代不可数名词(the bread) 只能用 that ， 排除 B和 D； 又因为先行词that (the bread) 在定语从句中作buy 的宾语，用which ，所以选A。14. D. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as 等词语时，由as 引导，并且as 在定语从句中作主语或宾语， as 在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意：在表示“如此以致”的 such /so that 结构中， that不作任何句子成份。15. B.
44、 考查非限制性定语从句，all of whose homes = all of their homes他们所有的房子。16. D. 因为先行词是前面整个句子，且在从句中作主语，所以用which 。of course是插入语。17. D. 将疑问句改为陈述句：this research center is显然缺少先行词，必须加上代词 the one来作先行词，又因定语从句不缺主语或宾语，所以用关系副词where 。假若在 this 后加 the ，就选 where ，请想想这是为什么。18. A. 因为先行词是the days ，并在定语从句中作状语。19. B. 当先行词前有so 时，用 as
45、 引导定语从句，as 在从句中作主语或宾语。假若在lift后加上 it ，答案就是that了，请想想这是为什么。20. C. 因前后均的句子，必须要选连词，排除B 和 D；又因在介词后不能用that来引导定语从句，所以选C。during which time在那段时间里。22. A. for which 引导定语从句 ,使用介词 for, 是来自于从句中的固定短语be famous for 以.而闻名 . 23. A. for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for, 是来自于从句中的固定短语be famous for 以.而闻名 . 24. D. years是表示时间的名词,用 when
46、引导定语从句,是因为 when 在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which, 引导一个非限制性定语从句. 25. B. which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句. 26 . A. The reason why was that.已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why 和 that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成 because ，尽管 that这个词在译文中可能有“ 因为 ” 的含义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 13 页学习必备欢迎下载精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 13 页
