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1、Reading SkillsmillymenuSkimmingScanningScanning&PredictingPreviewingIdentifythewriterspurposeReadforthekeyideaMajordetailsReadbetweenlinesDistinguishFacts&OpinionsMakingInferencesUnderstandingfigurativelanguageIdiomaticexpressionsGuessingwordmeaningDenotation&ConnotationK ExerciseK Skimming I. Skimm
2、ing1. What is skimming?Reading SkillsReadquicklytoidentifythemainideaofapassage.Skimmingisusedwhenyouwanttoseeifanarticlemaybeofyourinterest.2. When to skim?getthegeneralideaofapassage.3. How to skim?a.Readonlyselectedsentences.b.Readthefirstandlastparagraphsofatext.d.Usetextualcluessuchas:italicize
3、dorunderlinedwords,headlinesorsubtitles,spacingandparagraphing.c.Readthefirstandlastsentencesofaparagraph.Reading SkillsII. Further Study1. Summary of 4 kinds of readingReading Skills Skimmingrunningtheeyesoverquicklytogetthegistofareadingmaterial Scanninglookingforaparticularpieceofinformationofare
4、adingmaterial Extensive readinglongertextsforpleasureandneedingglobalunderstanding Intensive readingshortertexts,extractingspecificinformation,accuratereadingfordetail.2. Exercise: How would you read the following? a.The“WhatsOn”sectionofthelocalpaper:b.Atextinclass:c.Anewspaper:Scanning.Intensive.S
5、kimming,Scanningforspecificinformation,Intensive.d.Atravelbrochure:Skimmingforinterest,Scanningforaparticularresort,Intensivefordetail.Reading Skillse.Apostcard:Intensive.f.Apoem:Extensive.g.Atraintimetable:Scanning.h.Arecipe:Intensive.i.Anovel:Extensive(orIntensiveforrevision,perhaps).Reading Skill
6、s Skimming Skimming Practice When you skim, you read only selected sentences quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. I n skimming, you should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. The key step is to decide wh
7、at information you want to know , and then try to skim for it.Reading SkillsI. Skimming + Exercises+ ScanningI. ScanningScanningisareadingskillusedtolocatekeyorspecificinformationquickly,e.g.dates,numbers,examples&definitions.Reading Skills1. What is scanning?2. When to scan?Scanningisused,forexampl
8、e,whenyouwanttolookupawordinadictionaryoranumberinatelephonedirectory.firstfindaresourcetodeterminewhetheritwillansweryourquestions.Reading Skills3. How to scan?highlightedwords,e.g.wordsinboldor italic.numbers,e.g.datesandstatistics.wordssuchas“first”,“second”,or“additionally”orwordsthatarerepeated
9、.definitions.examples,includingdiagrams.LookforReading SkillsII. ExercisesScanthefollowingparagraphsandanswereachquestion.Youhaveatimelimitof60secondsforeachquestion.Reading SkillsInordertodevelopeffectivelearningskills,itisnecessarytounderstandmoreabouthowthememoryisstructured,inparticulartheroleof
10、short-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.Short-termmemoryisthepartknownastheconsciousmindandisusedforpayingattention.Long-termmemoryiswhereinformationisstored.Therearemanythingsthatcomeintotheshort-termmemoryandarenottransferredtothelong-termmemory.Infactthebrainisdesignedtoforgetbetween50and75percentofth
11、einformationthatisnott r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e l o n g -termmemorywithin24hours.Question:Whatpercentageofinformationisforgotteninshorttermmemoryifitisnottransferredtolongtermmemory?Long and short term memoryReading SkillsSchemasEverythingweunderstandandexperienceistranslatedintoschemasinourlon
12、gtermmemory.Aschemaisacollectionofassociatedpiecesofinformation.Eachindividualhasauniquecollectionofschemasintheirmemory.Theseapplytoanythingthatissignificantinapersonslife,forexample,city,suburb,familyorwork.Aschemaisperhapsbestunderstoodasalooselyconnectedwebof i deasbasedonstoredmemoriesthatcanbe
13、activatedbylanguageorsensoryprompts.Individualschemasoverlapw i t h , o r a r e h o o k e d i n t ootherschemas.Question:Whatisthedefinitionofaschema? ScanningReading SkillsScanning is to read quickly in order to locate and find a piece of information w i t h o u t r e a d i n gin any detail. Here a
14、re some ways to scan. 1.Lookatthetitle.2.Lookforthesubtitles(小标题).3.Lookatpictures,charts,ordrawingsifthereareany.4.Lookatthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.Reading SkillsIn this unit, were going to learn the scanning steps. The steps involved in scanning are the following:1.Decideexactlywhatinformatio
15、nyouarelookingforandthinkabouttheformitmaytake.2.Next,decidewhereyouneedtoread.3.Moveyoureyesasquicklyaspossibledownthepageuntilyoufindtheinformation.4.Whenyoufindwhatyouneed,donotreadfurther._ Scanning_ ExercisesI. What is Scanning?Reading SkillsScanningistolocateaspecificitemofinformationortotellw
16、herewecangetthatinformation.Scanningisparticularlyusefulinreadingnewspapersoradvertisements.Itisalsopossibletousethisreadingskilltofindsomeparticularinformationinanykindofreadingmaterials.1.Decidewhatinformationyouarelookingfor,andthinkabouttheformitmaytake.2.Next,thinkaboutwhereyouwouldbelikelytoge
17、ttheinformationandmoveyoureyesquickly.3.Stopreadingwhenyouhavegottherightinformation.Steps to scan:Reading Skills 1.HowmanyChinesepeoplefinditdifficulttofallasleep?Lyinginbedcountingsheepisnotasolutiontofallingasleep,especiallyforpeopleengagedincontinualmentallabor.Thefearofnotbeingabletofallasleepb
18、ringsanxietyandinsomnia,explainedtheexperts.Arecentnationalsurveyamong10,455Chinesepeopleshowed27.3%ofthesubjectsadmittedtheyhavesleepingproblems.Reading SkillsII. Exercises2.Whatkindofmusiccanaudienceenjoyatthefestival?The2004MidiModernMusicFestivalwilltakeplaceonOct.1to4atBeijingInternationalSculp
19、turePark.Audiencecanwatch45bandsplayingvariousmusicstylesincludingrock,folk,blues,hip-hopandjazz.Sponsoredin2000,itwasatfirstashowcaseforstudentsofthemusicschool.Nowthefestivalhasexpandedintoanoutdoorfestivalforyoungandlittle-knownbandstoperformtheiruniquestyle.Reading Skills Scanning and Predicting
20、I. Scanning and PredictingReading SkillsScanningatextmeansreadingthroughthetextquicklyinordertofindapieceofinformationthatyouwantortogetageneralideaofwhatthetextcontains.Reading SkillsWhere to scan?Usually,weshouldverycarefullyreadthetitle,thesubtitles,thefirstsentenceofaparagraphtogetenoughinformat
21、ionforourthinking.What will this reading skill benefit you?Itcanhelpushaveagoodideawhereinthereadingpassagetolookforanswerstothespecificquestions. Prediction Decide Your ChoiceI. PredictionReading SkillsPredictingisusingthetexttoguesswhatwillhappennext.Thenreadersconfirmorrejecttheirpredictionasthey
22、read.Predictingisareadingstrategyusedbeforeandduringreading.AtechniquetoapplytothisreadingstrategyistousetheThink-Pair-Sharemethod.TakePassageAofUnit10asanexample.II. Decide Your ChoiceReading SkillsLookingatthetitleofthepassageReports on Britain Under the Bombs,Wemayask:a.WhenwasBritainbombed?Why?b
23、.WhatdidEnglishpeopledoforfun?c.Wasthereportinteresting?Afterreadingthefirstthreeparagraphs,youllknow:InthemiddleofAugust,NazibombsstartedtofallalongEnglandsChannelCoasts.Thenyougoonreading.Whenyouread“AirMarshalGoeringsbomberpilotsweresureoftheirultimatetriumphoverEngland.”youmayraiseanotherquestio
24、n:a.HowbomberpilotsbombedEngland?b.Whowonatlast?c.WhowasMarshalGoering?Reading SkillsReading SkillsAfterreadingparagraph6,youmayagainask:a.WhathardshipsdidLondonsuffer?b.WhydidMarshalGoeringboast?Youkeepaskingquestionsandconfirmyourpredictionsasyoukeepreadingon.Whenyoufinishthearticle,youwillhaveall
25、thequestionsanswered. Predicting the Writers IdeasMakingpredictionswhileyoureadkeepsyourmindalert;itsawaytodouble-checkyourcomprehensionofwhatyouvereadsofar,anditcanbeagreataidtounderstandingwhatcomesnext.Wecanpredictthewritersideasfromtitles,subtitles,sentences,orparagraphs.PracticeReading SkillsPr
26、edicting the Writers IdeasTakealookatthetitleofTextA,andpredictwhatinformationthepassagemightgive.Reading SkillsTitle Predicting 1 Choose to Be Alone on PurposeChoose to Be Alone on Purpose1.Reasonswhysomepeoplechoosetobealoneonpurpose.2.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofbeingaloneonpurpose.3.Negativesoci
27、alinfluenceofsomepeoplechoosingtobealoneonpurpose.4.Positiveresultsofsomepeoplechoosingtobealoneonpurpose.Reading SkillsTipsTakealookatthetitleofTextB,andpredictwhatinformationthepassagemightgive.Reading SkillsTitle Predicting 2 Roommate ConflictsRoommate Conflicts1.Whatroommateconflictsmayappear.2.
28、Negativeinfluenceofroommateconflicts.3.Reasonsforroommateconflicts.4.Howroommatessolvetheirconflicts.5.Whatschoolsdotosolvetheproblemofroommateconflicts.6.Doesconflictresolutionwork?Reading SkillsTipsReadthefollowingtwoparagraphsandchoosetheanswertotheprediction.Reading SkillsParagraph Predicting 1
29、Assupplierofmostofthefoodweeatandofrawmaterialsformanyindustrialprocesses,agricultureisclearlyanimportantareaoftheeconomy.Buttheindustrialperformanceofagricultureisevenmoreimportantthanthis.Forinnationswheretheproductivityoffarmersislow,mostoftheworkingpopulationisneededtoraisefoodandfewpeopleareava
30、ilableforproductionofinvestmentgoodsorforotheractivitiesrequiredforeconomicgrowth.Indeed,oneofthefactorsrelatedmostcloselytotheper capital income (人均收入)ofanationisthefractionofitspopulationengagedinfarming.Inthepoorest(Tobecontinued)Reading SkillsReading Skillsnationsoftheworldmorethanhalfofthepopul
31、ationlivesonfarms.Thiscomparessharplywithlessthan10percentinWesternEuropeandl ess t h an 4 p er c en t i n t h e U n i t edStates.Inshort,thecourseofeconomicdevelopmentingeneraldependsinafundamentalwayontheperformanceoffarmers.Thisperformanceinturn,dependsonhowagricultureisorganizedandontheeconomice
32、nvironment,ormarketstructure,withinwhichitfunction.InthefollowingpagestheperformanceofAmericanagricultureisexamined.Itisappropriatetobeginwithaconversationofitsmarketstructure.QuestionQuestionReading SkillsThispassagewillmostprobablybefollowedbyadiscussionof_.A)thestructureofAmericanfarmingpopulatio
33、nB)themarketstructureofAmericanagricultureC)thevariousfunctionsofAmericanagricultureD)theorganizationofAmericanagricultureKey: BReading SkillsParagraph Predicting 2 ReadTextBandpredictwhatmightfollowinthenextparagraphorparts.Thereareafewpredictionsinsertedinthepassageandcheckthem. Paragraph1 Paragra
34、ph3 Paragraphs4-6 Paragraph7Paragraph2Paragraphs4-6Paragraph7Paragraphs8-9Prediction 1 Reading SkillsAfterreadingthetitleandthefirstparagraph,youfindthatSarahwasincompatiblewithherroommate.Youcanmakepredictionsthatthefollowingparagraphmightbeabout:Paragraph1Paragraph2Key: AA)howSarahfoundawayoutofhe
35、rmiserablesituationB)howSarahtriedtoimproveherrelationwithherroommateC)whatSarahdidtopunishherroommatePrediction 2Reading SkillsAfterreadingparagraph3,youknowthatroommateconflictsarecommonincollegedormitories.Fromthis,youcanpredictthatthefollowingpartsmightbeabout:Paragraph3Paragraphs4-6Key: CA)what
36、schoolsdotosolvetheproblemofroommateconflictsB)howtoavoidroommateconflictsC)thereasonsforroommateconflictsPrediction 3Reading SkillsFromparagraphs4-6,youlearnthenegativeimpactsofroommateconflictsandthereasonsforroommateconflicts.Inthenextparagraph,youmightread:Paragraphs4-6Paragraph7Key: BA)students
37、aretryingtosolvetheconflictsbythemselvesB)assmallconflictsmightleadtoseriousviolenceifnotattendedtointime,schoolsaretakingnecessarymeasuresnowC)schoolsarenottakingroommateconflictsseriouslyPrediction 4Reading SkillsFromparagraph7,youlearnschoolshavestartedconflictresolutionprogramstocalmtensions.Int
38、henextparagraph,youmightread:Paragraph7Paragraphs8-9Key: CA)conflictresolutionprogramsyieldverygoodresultsB)conflictresolutionprogramsdonotworkC)conflictresolutionprogramshavemetnewproblems& PreviewingReading SkillsInordertoreadforinformation,youcanalsoPREVIEWthatis,lookaheadtothecontentofapassagein
39、anumberofways.The ways to preview a reading selection:Reading SkillsVery likely the title and the first paragraph can give the main idea of the selection.Lookatthetitle.Readthefirstparagraphcarefully.Other textual clues can help to get the main idea :ItalicizedorunderlinedwordsHeadlinesorsubtitlesSp
40、acingParagraphingReading SkillsReading SkillsForexample,whenyouseethetitle“CollegeSuccessMadeEasy”,thinkaboutitandpredictwhatthepassageisabout.A.Waystomakecollegesuccesseasy.B.Goodcomputersoftwareforcollegelearning.C.Selectingcollegeteachersoryourmajors.D.Relyingonmodernizedlibraryservice.& Identify
41、ing the Writers Purpose& Exercises Reading SkillsI. Identifying the Writers PurposeReadingeffectivelymeansrecognizingthewriterspurposes.Threecommonpurposesofwritingare:toinformtopersuadetoentertainReading SkillstoinformtopersuadetoentertainThree common purposes of writingtoprovidereaderswithinformat
42、ionaboutatopictoconvincereaderstobelieveacertainviewpointortotakeacertaincourseofactiontoamusereadersinsomeway,thoughveryoftenthereissomefoodforthoughtaswellReading SkillsHow to identify the writers purposes?Aninformationaltextusesfacts,details,examples,statistics,andquotesfromauthoritiestoconveyinf
43、ormationaboutasubjectandexplainittothereadersothatheorsheunderstandsitmorethoroughly.Informationalwritingcanbefoundinnewspaperarticles,how-tomanuals,shortreports,etc.Howtoidentifyinformationalwriting?Reading SkillsAnpersuasivetextusesevidencetosupportyourviewpoint.Rhetoricalquestions,evaluatinglangu
44、ageorjudgmentallanguagearefrequentlyusedinthewritingprocess.Persuasivewritingisfrequentlyusedindebates.Howtoidentifypersuasivewriting?Reading SkillsAnentertainingtextusesratherinformallanguage,simplesentencestructures,dialogues,punsorfiguresofspeech.Popularliteraturetextssuchascartoons,comics,songly
45、rics,TVsoapsandjokesaremainlywrittentoentertain.Howtoidentifyentertainingwriting? Identifying the Writers Purpose Clues to Identify the Kind of Writing ExercisesI. Identifying the Writers PurposeWriterswriteforapurpose.Threecommonpurposesare:toinformtoprovidereaderswithinformationaboutatopic;topersu
46、adetoconvincereaderstobelieveacertainviewpointortotakeacertaincourseofaction;toentertaintoamusereadersinsomeway.Reading SkillsII. Clues to identify the kind of writingReading SkillsKindFeaturesLanguageSentenceStructureInformationalwritingfacts&evidence:dates,statistics,figures,quotesusingtechnicalja
47、rgon(行话)simplePersuasivewritingemotionalappeals:rhetoricalquestions;evaluating;judgmentalTextswrittentoentertaindialogs,puns(双关语)and/orfiguresofspeechinformalsimple Read for the Key IdeaI. Read for the Key IdeaSeparate minor details from the main idea.main ideamain idea: : whoisdoingwhatwhoisdoingwh
48、atminor detailsminor details: : when,whatkind,where,when,whatkind,where,why,how.why,how.How to Read for the Key IdeaReading SkillsII. Practice: Finding the Key Idea1.Whensnoworicewasontheground,itwasimpossibleforhimtowalk,evenwithhelp. It was impossible for him to walk.It was impossible for him to w
49、alk. 2.InManhattanthesubwaystationwasthebasementofhisofficebuilding,andhewouldnothavetogooutsideagainuntilwemethiminBrooklynonhiswayhome.The subway was the basement, and he would The subway was the basement, and he would not have to go outside.not have to go outside. Reading Skills3.Ifhedid,Iamsorry
50、InevertoldhimhowsorryIwas,howunworthyIwas,howIregrettedit. I am sorry. Reading Skills Reading for the Main Idea in a ParagraphReading SkillsReading for The Main IdeaThemainideaofapassageisthethoughtthatispresentedfromthebeginningtotheend.Inawell-writtenparagraph,mostofthesentencessupport,describeore
51、xplainthemainidea.Themainideafrequentlyappearsinthefirstsentence,sometimesinthemiddleorattheend.I. Read for the Main Idea in a ParagraphEveryparagraphhasamainideawhichisthemostimportantinformationtheauthorwantsyoutoknowabouttheconceptofthatparagraph.Now read the following paragraph and pick up the k
52、ey words which help you form the main idea. Reading SkillsSomekeywordshelpdescribeorexplainthemainidea.Ugh!Mycameraisallslimy.Iwastryingtophotographahumpbackwhaleasitblewfromitsblowhole.Itwastooclose!Whenahumpbackwhalebreathes,itblowsairandwatervaporoutitsblowholeonthetopofitshead.Thewhalesbreath,f
53、orcedouttheholeat450k ph,iscomposedofairandwatervapor;itcanreach5metershighandseenfrom2kilometersawayonaclearday.Itcontainsafishysmellandoilysubstance,whichcanleavearesidueonacameralens,iftooclose.Whalesbreathingortheblowisusuallythefirstsignthatawhaleispresent.Reading SkillsWhile reading, keep this
54、 in mind: what idea keeps being discussed?Theunderlinedwords,aboveandlistedbelow,allrefertothebreathofthewhale.Main Idea:thewhalesbreathortheblow.blewbreatheswhales breathbreathingthe blowReading SkillsThen can you find the supporting details? Move on to the second reading.Ugh!Mycameraisallslimy.Iwa
55、stryingtophotographahumpbackwhaleasitblewfromitsblowhole.Itwastooclose!Whenahumpbackwhalebreathes,itblowsairandwatervaporoutitsblowholeonthetopofitshead.Thewhalesbreath,f orcedouttheholeat450k ph,iscomposedofairandwatervapor;itcanreach5metershighandseenfrom2kilometersawayonaclearday.Itcontainsafishy
56、smellandoilysubstance,whichcanleavearesidueonacameralens,iftooclose.Whalesbreathingortheblowisusuallythefirstsignthatawhaleispresent.Reading SkillsTheunderlinedwordsabovegiveyoufurtherinformationaboutthemainidea.Eachprovidesmorespecificinformation,hencesupportingdetails.Reading Skillsf Reading for t
57、he Key Idea in a Sentencef Finding the Key IdeaI. Reading for the Key Idea in a SentenceAlthoughasentencemaygivemuchinformation,itusuallyoffersonekeyidea.Readersshouldlearntofindthekeyideainordertoclearlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence.Thekeyideaofasentenceusuallytells:1.whatapersonoranobjectis,and2
58、.whatapersonoranobjectisdoing.Reading SkillsCitypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing,restlesslyseekingattentioninastore,orelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirshopping.Citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing.e.g.KeyReading Skills Theywillmisstheritualinteractionthat
59、goeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeethatmaybeaconventionintheirowncountry.Theywillmisstheritualinteraction.e.g.KeyReading Skills 1.Isolationisoneoftheworstcoping2.mechanismsyoucanusebecauseitseparatesyoufromthosethingsthatcouldreallyhelpyou.Reading SkillsIsolationisoneoftheworstcopingmechanisms.II. Fi
60、nding the Key IdeaKey idea 2.Herfatherproceededtoquotestatisticsshowingthatmixedcoupleshadhigherdivorceratesthancouplesofthesameraceandgaveexamplesofmixedcoupleshehadcounseledwhowerehavingmaritaldifficulties.Reading SkillsHerfatherproceededtoquotestatistics.Key idea Reading Skills3.Wewantedtoavoidth
61、emistakemadebymanycouplesofmarryingforthewrongreasons,andonlyfindingoutten,twenty,orthirtyyearslaterthattheywereincompatible,thattheyhardlytookthetimetoknoweachother,thattheyoverlookedseriouspersonalityconflictsintheexpectationthatmarriagewasanautomaticwaytomakeeverythingworkoutright.Wewantedtoavoid
62、themistake.Key idea Reading for Major DetailsDetailsthatgivethemajorinformationaboutthemainideaofaparagrapharemajordetails.Thesmalldetailsanswersomeofthequestionsconcerningthemajordetail.Reading SkillsReading for Major Detailsa.Readforthemainideaofaparagraph.b.Findallthefactsanddetailsthathelptoaddu
63、pthemainidea.c.Identifythemajordetailsrelatedtothemainidea.1. Steps of looking for the major details:Reading SkillsTheownerhandsoutAIDSinformationtoallher clients when they enter the shop andshowsvideosonAIDSpreventionwhiletheywait for their hair to dry. She also keepsbooks and other publications ar
64、ound socustomers can read them while waiting fortheir appointments. Its amazing how manypeopleshehaseducatedonthejob.Main idea:TheshopownerjoinsintheAIDSeducationalprograms.Reading Skills2. Example from passage A (Para.5)b.Theownermakesuseofthetimewhencustomerswaitfortheirhairtodryorfortheirappointm
65、ents.TheownerhandsoutAIDSinformationtoallherclients.a.TheownergivesoutAIDSinformationb.throughvideo,booksandotherpublications.Small details:Reading SkillsMajor detail:Read Between the Lines1.Usecontextclues,commonsenseandyourknowledgeoftheworld.2.Connectideasanddrawconclusionsfromthepassage.3.Forman
66、dtestyourunderstandingbetweenthelines.How to Read Between the Lines?Reading SkillsHe would not let the robbers have his keys and get into his house.1.“Hey,”Isaid,“justtakeit.”AsIspoke,IsettheKFCboxontheplanterbesidethepathway,contrivingasIdidsototossmyhousekeysintoabush.Read and AnswerQ:Whydidthewri
67、tertosshishousekeysintoabush?A:Reading SkillsNo. The writer was careful enough to note details of the robbers so that he couldidentify them later if possible.2.Hewasntstupid.Iveseenenoughcriminaltrialstoknowvictimsofarmedattacksareseldomabletoidentifytheiroffendersbecausetheirattentionfocusesonthegu
68、ns,ratherthanontheirusers.Iconsciouslynoteddetailsoftheirfaces.Q:Doyouthinkthewriterwasstupid,too?A:Reading Skills% What Is “Reading Between the Lines”?% How to Read Between the Lines?Readingbetweenthelinesisoneoftheimportantreadingskillsforefficientreading.Itmeansdrawingormakinginferencesabouttheau
69、thorsideasfromwhatiswrittenandfromwhatisnotwritten. I. What is “Reading between the Lines”?Reading SkillsIndrawinginferencesweusetheexactinformationorhintsinourreadingtoreachinformationlogicallyandtodevelopourunderstandingofthereadingpassage.Reading SkillsII. How to Read between the Lines? Distingui
70、shing Between Facts and OpinionsItisveryimportanttotellthedifferencebetweenfactsandthewritersopinionsinthecourseofreading.Thenwhatarefacts?Andwhatareopinions?FactsWhatreallyhappened;objectiveobjective (客观的)OpinionsIdeas,feelings,judgementsorbelieffromfacts;subjective subjective (主观的)Reading Skills S
71、andy sat there quietly.Fact? Opinion?Sandyssittingthereisobjectivelyanaction.Thewriterdidntmakeanycommentonit,nordidyou.e.g. 1Reading SkillsIts a fact!Its probably that awful music that wakes me up every morning.Fact? Opinion?Becausethewriterhasshownhisfeelingorjudgementonthemusicbythewordawful.Isth
72、emusicreallyawful?Itdepends!Evenyoumaynotthinkinthatway!e.g. 2Reading SkillsIts an opinion!Why?The Biggest Difficulty in Distinguishing Facts from OpinionsWhenyouagreewiththewritersopinions,youmaytakethosesubjectivethingsforgranted,thatis,youmaymistaketheopinionsforfacts!Hesgood-looking,smartandfunn
73、y.Fact? Opinion?e.g. Reading SkillsMaybeyoualsothinkthesameasthewriterthatheisgood-looking,butitdoesntmeanotherpeoplewillacceptthisidea.“Good-looking”,“smart”and“funny”arejustthejudgementsjudgementsofthewriterandnotnecessarilythetruth!Reading SkillsIts an opinion!Why?Can you distinguish between fact
74、s and opinions here?Opinion?Fact?Reading Skillsa.Althoughtherearemanyalarmist(危 言耸听）speechesmadetothecontrary(相反),infact,mancompletelycontrolsnuclearpowerplants.b.Theamountofmoneyinvested(投资)annually(每年)bythisgovernment,onenvironmentalissuesalone,is$2m.Opinion!Fact!Reading Skillsc.Itisclearthattheon
75、lyreasonablesolutiontoreturntonatureistotap(开发)nuclearpower.d.Fossil(化石)fuels(燃料)provideasafealternative(选择)fornuclearpower.Opinion!Fact!Reading Skills Facts and Opinions Practice the SkillI. Facts and Opinions Reading SkillsMostreadingpassagescontainideasbasedonfactsandopinions.Theabilitytorecogniz
76、edifferencesbetweenfactsandopinionscanhelpustoachieveadeeperlevelofunderstandinginourreading.ideasfactsopinionsReading SkillsFact:statementthattellswhatreallyhappenedorwhatreallyisthecase.Example:Oneday,mymothercalledme,toinvitemetoabirthdaydinnerformyfather.Reading SkillsOpinion:statementofbelief,j
77、udgmentorfeeling.Itshowswhatsomeonethinksorfeelsaboutasubject.Example:Inhisdarkbusinesssuitshelookednicebuteasilyforgettable,likesomebodysnephewatafuneral. Distinguishing Between Facts and OpinionsAswelearnedinUnit2,Book1andUnit8,Book2,itisveryimportanttotellfactsfromthewritersopinionsduringthecours
78、eofreading.Thenwhatarefactsfacts?Andopinionsopinions?factswhatreallyhappened;objective (客观的)opinions ideas,feelings,judgementsorbeliefthatyougetfromfacts;subjective(主观的)Reading SkillsExample1Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published
79、in the journal Medicine& Science in Sports & Exercise.FactorOpinion?Ofcourseitisafactfact!Theword“published”inthesentenceshowswhatreallyhappened.Reading SkillsExample2If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supple
80、ments.Itsanopinionopinion!Why?Becauseitisexpressedinanimperativesentence,whichindicatesanopinionfromthewriter.FactorOpinion?Reading SkillsThebiggestdifficultyindistinguishingfactsfromopinionsWhenyouagreewiththewritersopinions,youmaytakethosesubjectivethingsforgranted,thatis,youmaymistakeopinionsforf
81、acts!e.g.Hessogoodlooking,smartandfunny.FactorOpinion?Reading SkillsItsanopinionopinion!Why?Maybeyoualsothinkthesameasthewriterthatheisgoodlooking,butitdoesntmeanotherpeoplewillacceptthisidea.Goodlooking,smartandfunnyarejustthejudgementsjudgementsofthewriterandnotnecessarilythetruth!Reading SkillsCa
82、nyoudistinguishbetweenfactsandopinions?Opinion?Fact?Reading SkillsA.JustasexercisestrengthenstheheartB.andlungs,bonesandmuscles,itmayalsoC.powerupthebrain.B.Humanstudieshavefocusedprimarilyonolderadultsandsuggestthatregularexercisecanimprovethespeedwithwhichthebrainprocessesinformation. Opinion!Fact
83、!Reading SkillsC.Thisboostinreactiontimeafterexercisetrainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociatedwithgettingoldcouldactuallystemfromdeclinesinphysicalcondition.D.Consequently,thebrainsofpeoplewhoexercisemaybebetterequippedtotacklementalchallenges.Opinion!Opinion!Reading Skills Mixture of Fact and Opini
84、on ExercisesAswelearnedinBook1,Book2,andBook3,itisveryimportanttotellthedifferencebetweenfactsandthewritersopinionsduringthecourseofreading.Butmoreoften,writersmixfactsandopinionsevenwithinthesamesentence.Opinion? fact?Reading SkillsI. Mixture of Fact and OpinionHaveareviewatthecorrespondingknowledg
85、e mentioned in Unit 2 (Book1),Unit3andUnit8(Book2),andUnit2(Book3).Reading SkillsMore TipsReading SkillsTips for Distinguishing Facts from Opinions1.Testthewritersopinionbyaskingwhetheradifferentopinionispossible. 2.Lookforadjectivesthatinterpretonesopinionssuchaspretty, ugly, handsome, dangerous, e
86、vil, attractive, well-dressed, good,etc. 1. Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class audiences were more likely to clap for a character who revolted against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear.“
87、 ” (opinion) “ ” (fact)Reading SkillsExamples: 2. Its a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stable happiness it had earlier denied him. ButthisoneisbasicallyfactualbecauseChaplindidgetmarriedinhis50sashislastmarriage.Reading Skills Making Inferences ExercisesReading betweent
88、helinesmeansmakinginferencesaboutthewritersideasfromwhatiswrittenandfromwhatisnotwritten.2.Connectideasanddrawconclusionsfromthereadingpassage.3.Testwhatyouhaveunderstoodbetweenthelines.Reading Skills Understanding Figurative Language Skill PracticeTomakelanguageclearer,moreinteresting,andmorestriki
89、ng,weuseexpressionswhicharenotliterallytrue.Wemake comparisonsinspeakingandwriting.Figurative languagelanguagethatcomparespaintsapictureforthereader.Reading SkillsReading SkillsI. Different Types of Figurative Language Similes(明喻,直喻)Metaphors(暗喻)Personification(拟人)Reading SkillsComparativewordsoften
90、usedinsimiles:likeas(as)asAs,somayaswellasasifasthoughresemblebesimilartocomparetotreatasregardasconsider/serveasremindofSimilesReading SkillsHereyessparkledlikesmallbluecircleofice.Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorruptandcannotlast.Hisexplanationisasclearascrystal.ExamplesReading SkillsMetap
91、horsExamplesHereyesweresmallbluecircleofice.Hegivesacrystalexplanation.PersonificationExamplesExamplesEdelweiss,edelweiss,Everymorningyougreetme.Smallandwhite,Cleanandbright,Youlookhappytomeetme.Reading Skills1.Theskyaboveourheadswasinkyblack.2.2.Youmightaswellexpectthesuntorisein3.thewestashopetomo
92、veme.4.3.Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightas5.aquietvirgin.II. Skill PracticeIdentifythetypesofthefigurativelanguageusedinthefollowingsentencesandtranslatethemintoChinese.(simile)(metaphor)(similes&personification)1.我们头顶的天如墨汁般漆黑。2.你不能动摇我的决心，正如你不能指望太阳 从西边出来一样。3.今晚的新月倚背于夜空中，宛如一位安静的少 女。Reading Skills4.A
93、llbigshipsarenowdrivenbyenginesofsomekind,andusuallybysteamenginesoroilengines.Theseturnthepropeller,whichisinthewateratthebackoftheship.Itisintheformofascrew.Whenitturns,itpushestheshipforwardasawood-screwgoesintoapieceofwoodwhenitisturned. smiles metaphorsReading SkillsUnderstanding Figurative Lan
94、guage ExercisesFigurativelanguagelanguagethatcomparespaintsapictureforthereader.Therearemanydifferentwaysofusingfigurativelanguage:1.Simile(明喻，直喻),figurativeexpressionswhichdirectlycompareonethingtoanotherbyusingthewordsasorlike.I. What is figurative Language?Reading Skillse.g. Miss Woods room seeme
95、d like heaven to me.2.Metaphor(暗喻),inwhichcomparisonsareonlyimplied,withoutusingas,likeandthelike.e.g. They could not know how great a light was going out in my life. Reading Skills3.Personification(拟人化),figurativeexpressionsWhichgivinghumantraitstonon-livingobjects.e.g.The burning question of my ch
96、ildhood had been richly answered. Reading Skills1.Theflames,likeaformofwildlife,creptasalioncreepsonitsbellytowarditsprey.2.Thepenismightierthanthesword.3.Listentothewind.4.Likeasurfer(冲浪者),hesatasthoughhewerewaitingforthatwaveoftheday.MSPSII. ExercisesWrite M for metaphor, S for simile, or P for pe
97、rsonification.Reading SkillsZ ExercisesZ Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsI. Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsThemeaningofidiomaticexpressionscanbeveryhardevenimpossibletoguess.Wordformationsindictionariesdontalwayshelp,andcanevenfoolusentirely!However,context clues, such as examples, oppositese
98、xplanations, or similar phrases canbehelpfultofigureoutthemeaningofthem.Reading Skill1.Thenewcomerwasascomfortableasanoldshoeandwesoonbecamefriends. Guessthemeaningofthefollowing idiomaticexpressions.easytotalkandworkwitheasytotalkandworkwithII. ExercisesKeyReading Skill2.Amotorwouldbeawhiteelephant
99、tohim,becausehecantdrive. abigbutuselessobjecttoitsownerabigbutuselessobjecttoitsownerKey3.Itoldhertoreadoverhercompositionand weedout everysentencethatwasnotaboutthesubject. KeytoremovewhatisunwantedtoremovewhatisunwantedReading Skill4.Somestudentsarelazy,butothersbeattheirbrainsandsucceed. tothink
100、outtothinkoutsthsth.difficult.difficultKeyReading Skill5.Thewaymostpeoplelookatyou,youdthinkatrashmanwasamonster.Sayhelloandtheystareatyouinsurprise.Theydontrealizewerehuman. AAtrashmantrashmanissomeoneissomeonethateveryonewantstothateveryonewantstogetawayfrom.getawayfrom.KeyReading Skill% Understan
101、ding Idiomatic Expressions 1.inadifficultorembarrassingsituation2.tobeveryeasy3.toadmitfailure4.proceedingwell5.toworkhardthroughthenightUnderstanding Idiomatic Expressions a piece of cakeDontworryaboutthequiztomorrow.Itllbeapieceofcakeifyouvestudiedwell. so far, so goodWhenaskedabouthowthetrainingp
102、rogramwasgoing,Lucyresponded,“Sofar,sogood”. in a jamIminarealjam.MycarwontstartandImlateforwork.Couldyougivemearide?burn the midnight oilJackhadpostponedsomuchofhisschoolwork,hehadtoburnthemidnightoilbeforefinalexamweek.Reading SkillsMeaning:1.Idontunderstand.2.totraveltowardaplace,tohaveasadestina
103、tion3.tocreatespacefor4.toachievegreatpersonalandfinancialsuccess5.nottomakeanyeffortat head forOnveryhotdaysthousandsofpeopleheadforthebeach.make room for NormallyonlyfivepeoplecanfitintoSamirscar,butwhennecessary,hecanmakeroomforsixorseven.make it to the big timeActorWarrenPricemadeittothebigtimew
104、henhewasgivenhisownTVshow. beyond meThevocabularyIcanunderstand,butthegrammarisbeyondme.Reading SkillsMeaning:Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsReading SkillsUnderstanding Idiomatic ExpressionsWhichismorehelpfulinfiguringoutthemeaningofidiomaticexpressions?1.wordformationclues2.contextcluesexamples
105、explanationscontrastphrasesparallelphrasesPracticeGuesstheirmeanings: gooffleaveoverturninnexttonothinganine-to-fivejobknowshowmanybeansmakefivekeepsb.sseatetc.withthehelpofthesentencesReading SkillsReading SkillsA.leftB.fallenasleepC.diedD.gottired2.Assoonasthebabysgoneoffwellbeabletorelaxandwatcht
106、elevision.1.JaneseemstohavegoneoffPeter.2.ShelikestalkingaboutTomnow.A.leftB.forgotC.lostinterestinD.metReading Skills3.IregretthatmyfirstdatewithKatewillhavetobeleftoveruntilnextSaturday.A.canceledB.movedupC.postponedD.reportedA.moveinB.abandonC.repairD.return4.Illgivethemachineonemoreweektobehavei
107、tself.AndifitdoesntthenIllturnitinforanother.Reading Skills5.Sheeatsnexttonothing. Shesondiet.almostnothing;averysmallamount6.Outfromschool,somegraduatesgostraighttonine-to-fivejobsandwithinthreemonthstheylookedlikeoldpeople.regularworkasanemployee,esp.inanoffice,shop,factory,etc.7.Iwouldntworryabou
108、tJackifIwereyouheknowshowmanybeansmakefive.beclear-minded,sensibleinpracticalmattersReading Skills: Finding out Word Meanings I. Finding out Word MeaningsIn how many ways can you guess the meanings of new words?Reading Skills1. By definition ( (定义定义) )Theharbor(港口)isprotectedbyajetty awallbuiltoutin
109、tothewater.防波堤e.g.KeyReading Skills 2. By helping words: that is, meaning, such as, or, likewise.Janeisindecisive,thatis,shecantmakeuphermind.unabletomakedecisionsorchoices优柔寡断优柔寡断e.g.KeyReading Skills 3. By the opposite of the wordJanewastalkingwithotherswhileElizaremainedreticentallthetime.unwilli
110、ng to talk about what you feel有保留的；沉默的有保留的；沉默的e.g.KeyReading Skillslintel q4. By your own experienceThedoorwassolowthatIhitmyheadonthelintel.a piece of wood across the top of a door 门楣e.g.KeyReading Skills5. By sentences before or after the sentencehavinggreatdeterminationorfirmness坚定的，果断的beingalone
111、andawayfromotherpeople孤独Iamaresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwontgiveitupeasily.Afterspendingthreeweeksinthewoods,Henrywastiredofsolitude.qe.g.KeyReading Skills6. By examplesSelectanyofthese periodicals: Times,NewsweekorReaders Digest.amagazinewhichcomesoutatregulartimes 期刊，杂志qe.g.KeyReading Skillsovers
112、ee=over+seelandmark=land+markthroughout=through+outsetback=set+backAny more?7. By word part cluesA. Compound wordsdownload,runawaymotorcycle,feedback.Reading SkillsPrefixMeaningExamplesmis-in-,im-,il-,ir-re-un-dis-wronglynot,withoutagain,backnotnot misunderstandincorrect,illiterateimpossible,irregul
113、arreturn,replayunlike,unusualdislike,dissatisfyB. Prefixes and SuffixesReading SkillsSuffixMeaningExamples-ful-less-able-ion,-tion-ness-mentfullofwithoutthatyoucandosth.to(suffixinnouns)fruitful,handfulcareless,hopelessmovable,washablecommunicationkindnessassignmentReading Skills Finding Out Word Me
114、aningsReading SkillsIn Unit 1 of Book 1, weve learnt someways to find out word meanings. 1.By definition (定义定义)2.By examples3.By synonyms (同义词同义词)4.By antonyms (反义词反义词)5.By word stem (词干词干)6.By affixes (词缀词缀)PracticesReading Skills1.TheOlympicsremainthemostpureexampleofcompetitionforthesakeofcompeti
115、tionitself.Athletessacrificetheircareersandbodiesriskinginjury,defeatandcompletefailuretocompetefornothingmorethanhonorfortheircountryandthemselves.A.AdministratorsB.PeopleearningmoneyC.BusinessmenD.SportsmenReading Skills2.Lewiswonninegoldmedalsinfourdifferenteventsandheldworldrecordsinthe100-meter
116、dashandthelongjump.A.ashortraceB.adistanceC.alongcallD.alengthReading Skills3.Hisyearsofpracticeandquietself-confidencesetthestageforaphenomenalOlympictrackandfieldcareer.A.unusualB.interestingC.devotedD.temporaryReading Skills4.JohnsonwasstrippedofhisgoldmedalandsentpackingbytheInternationalOlympic
117、Committeewhenhispost-racedrugtestindicatedsteroiduse.A.beforetheraceB.duringtheraceC.aftertheraceD.intherace Reading Skills5.Lewisfirmlydeniedthechargesandcounteredbyprovingbeforeajudgethatthemagazinethathadpublishedthestoriesdidsowithoutfoundationtotheirclaims.A.agreedwithB.refusedtoacceptC.condemn
118、edD.differedfrom % Denotation and Connotation Denotation and Connotation Reading SkillsDenotationistheliteralmeaningofawordwhatwefindinadictionary(本义本义).Connotation,ontheotherhand,istheimpliedmeaningofawordwhatawordsuggeststous,orwhatitmakesusfeelorthink(言外之意言外之意).Reading SkillsTheword“die”,forexamp
119、le,means“stopliving”indenotation.Butinthesentence“Somedieat30butarenotburieduntiltheyre70”,theword“die”connotes“stoplivingspiritually”or“stopgrowingintellectually”.Reading SkillsInordertofullyunderstandfigurativelanguage,orfiguresofspeech,weneedtobeawareofthecontextinwhichthewordsappear. Example 1 N
120、ightafternight,inthehotsummerandearlyfallof1940,adeep,steadyvoicecameovertheAtlanticOceanfromEnglandtoAmerica,tellingofEnglandsbattleforsurvivalunderthewavesofGermanbombers.(Para.1)Denotation:alineofwaterthatrisesuponthesurfaceofthesea,lake,river,etc.Connotation:aquicksuccessionofacertainintenseacti
121、vity(Ithasarough,stormy,andunpleasantsense.)Reading Skills Example 2OnSeptember7,1940,nearlyfourhundredGermanbombershammeredthecitywithbombsinbroaddaylight.(Para.6)Denotation:strikeorbeataswiththerepeatedblows,ortheforceofahammerConnotation:attackwithgreatforce(Italsohasasenseofforcefulnessandheavyc
122、asualty.)Reading SkillsJ ExercisesJ Denotation and ConnotationJ Examples of Denotation and ConnotationI. Denotation and ConnotationReading SkillsDenotationtheliteralmeaningofaword;whatyoufindinadictionary.Connotationtheimpliedmeaningofaword;whatawordsuggeststoyou,orwhatitmakesyoufeelorthink.II. Exam
123、ples of Denotation and ConnotationReading Skills1.butitistruetosaythathedidmoretoshapemylifethananyotherperson,andislargelyresponsiblefortheshynesswhichhasbeenahandicaptome.(L2)Connotation:weakness.Byusingtheword“handicap”,thewritersshynessiscomparedtoadisabilityofthebodyormind.Denotation:adisabilit
124、yofthebodyormindthatcausesapersonseriousdifficulty.Reading Skills2.Irealizedthatmystorieswereanextensionofmyowndesirestorisetohigherandhigheraltitudes. (L2)Connotation:areflectionofmyowndesires.ItisimpliedthatthewriterthoughtthathisstoriesactuallyreflectedhisstrongdesirestobemoresuccessfulthanJohnBu
125、llyerinthecompetition.Denotation:anaddedorextendedpart.Denotation:thecurvedorcircularshape.III. ExercisesKeyReading Skills1.Nowandthen,ifyoudidaloopofthearea,youmightseethelightsofanemergencydentalofficeorsomethingofthesort.(L9)ReadthefollowingsentencestakenfromTextBandwritethedenotationofthewordand
126、itsconnotationinthecontext.Connotation:theactofgoingaroundsomewhere.Denotation:Makeadeephollowsound.KeyReading Skills2.Therewerenobarswithmusicboomingintothestreets.(L11)Connotation:Loudlyspreadtothestreets.Theimpliedmeaningisthatthestreetswerequiet,andthatevenbarswerecarefulnottogettheirloudmusicin
127、tothestreets.Denotation:Saywhatmedicineasickpersonshouldormusthave.KeyReading Skills3.TheWest,ontheotherhand,prescribesaharshpillthatmakesamanstrongofmind.(L40)Connotation:TheWestistoughenoughtomakeamanstrong.HeretheWestiscomparedtoadoctor.Denotation:(Ofanarmyorthepolice)surroundaplaceandtrytogainco
128、ntrolofitorforcesomeonetocomeoutofit.KeyReading Skills4.Therewasthenahardrainfalling,andthewindhadrisenintoasteadyblowthatlaidsiegetothecitystreets.(L46)Connotation:Blowhardonthecitystreets.Theimpliedmeaningofthesentenceisthatthewindwasverystrongandblewhardonthecitystreetslikeanarmymakingafierceatta
129、ckonitsenemy.Denotation:production.KeyReading Skills5.ThemanfromtheWest,hisfeelingsofselfenlargedbysuccess,wasbeginningtooutlinethehistoryofhiscareer,describinghisoutput.(L55)Connotation:hisachievements.TheimpliedmeaningofthesentenceisthatthemanfromtheWestwasboastingabouthowhemadehis“achievements”:r
130、isingtothetopbymeanslegalorillegal,etc.Denotation:(Causeto)changeshape,thetrueorintendedmeaning,ordirection.KeyReading Skills6.“Itsometimestwistsagoodmanintoabadone,”saidthetallman,drawinghisweapon.(L67)Connotation:Changeagoodmanintoabadone.Theuseoftheword“twist”suggeststhatthemanwasnotonlychangedinappearancebutalsoinnature.
