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1、OralWorkshop:Argument(HANDOUT)(HANDOUT)01Lesson 1Does Television Play a Positive or Negative Role in the Modern Society?02Arguments1.Televisioninnowplayingaveryimportantpartinourlives.2.Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelycheapone.3.Televisionkeepsoneinformedabou
2、tcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpoliticsandoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.4.Alotoftelevisionprogrammesintroducepeopletothingstheyneverthoughtofbeforeandhaveneverheardofbefore.5.Televisionserieshavedoneagreatjobinpopularizingma
3、nyliterarymaster-pieces.6.Televisionhasbeengoodcompanytothosewhodonotwork,likehouse-wives,lonelyoldpeople,etc.7.Withtelevisionpeoplearestillfreetoenjoyother“civilizedpleasures,orevenmore.8.Thereisaconsiderablevarietyofprogrammesontelevision.Theviewerisalwaysfreetochoosewhateverhewantstosee.03Argumen
4、ts9.Televisionprovidesenormouspossibilitiesforeducation,likeschoolprogrammesviaclosed-circuittelevision.10.TelevisionprovidesspecialbroadcastsforthoseinTVUniversity,orOpenUniversity.Italsooffersspecializedsubjectslikelanguageteaching,sewing,cooking,painting,cosmetics,etc.11.Televisiondoesthejobofedu
5、cationinthebroadestsense.Instructiveprogrammesachievetheirgoalthroughentertainingtheviewers.12.Televisionprovidesanoutletforcreativetalents.13.Peopleallaroundtheworldarenolongerdistantandisolatedfromeachother.Themostdistantcountriesandthestrangestcustomsarebroughtrightintoonessitting-room.14.Compare
6、dwiththeradio,everythingontelevisionismorelifelike,vivid,andreal.15.Televisionmaybeavitalfactorinholdingafamilytogetherwherethereare,forexample,economicproblemsandhusbandandwifeseematbreakingpoint.04Counter-arguments1.Televisionisagreattime-waster.2.Peoplewhodontwatchtelevisionarehappierthanthosewho
7、watchitbecausetelevisiongoeswiththekindoflifewhichleavestheviewernothingtospare,nothingleft.3.Televisionmakestheviewercompletelypassivebecauseeverythingispresentedtohimwithoutanyeffortonhispart.4.Theverydangerofwatchingtelevisionliesinthefactthattheviewertakesnoinitiative.Hemakesnochoiceandexercises
8、nojudgment.5.Televisionpassesontochildrenthecorruptingvaluesofacorruptsociety.6.Televisionistoblameforthefactthatchildrentakelongertolearntoreadthesedaysandbarelyseethepointatallofacquiringtheskill.7.Televisiontakesuptoomuchofourtime.Wenolongerhaveenoughtimeforhobbies,entertainingactivities,andother
9、outsideamusementliketheatres,cinemas,sports,etc.8.Unfortunatelyallourfreetimeisnowregulatedbytelevision.9.Peoplerushhome;gulptheirfood,whichisoftenassimpleassandwichandaglassofbeer,andstartwatchingtheTVprogrammes.05Counter-arguments10.Themonster,i.e.television,demandsabsolutesilenceandattention.Noon
10、edarestoopenhismouthduringaprogramme.11.Peoplehavegrownaddictedtotelevision,oftenneglectingthenecessaryandmoreimportantthingslikemeals,sleepandevenwork.12.Alotofparentsusetelevisionasapacifierfortheirchildren.Theyputtheirchildreninfrontofthesetanddontcarewhetherthechildrenareexposedtorubbishycommerc
11、ialsorspectaclesofviolenceaslongasthechildrenarequiet.13.Mostofthetelevisionprogrammesarebadandtheydonotkeeppacewiththehighdemandofviewersanddonotmaintainhighquality.14.Thewidecoverageoftelevisionprogrammeshasreducedsocietytotheconditioninpre-literatecommunities;weareutterlydependentonthemostprimiti
12、vemediaofcommunication;picturesandspokenwords.15.Whattheviewerreceivesfromtelevisionisnothingbutsecond-handexperience.Heiscompletelycutofffromtherealworld.16.Themorethatviewerwatchestelevision,thelazierhebecomes.Heisgluedtothesetinsteadofgoingout.17.Televisionpreventspeoplefromcommunicatingwitheacho
13、ther.Ithasdonealotofharmtotherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.06Lesson 2Are Pets Good for Mankind?07Arguments1.Thegreatvirtueofpetsisthattheycankeepuscompany.2.Ananimalinthefamilyhelpstokeepushuman.3.Apetiskeptasacompanionthatmakesusfeelhappy.Itssuggestedthatpetsshouldbesenttoastronautsinaspacecraft
14、tohelpreducethelonelinessofspaceflights.4.Besidesprovidingmerecompanionship,petsinviteustoloveandbeloved.5.Oftenacatoradogcancomfortusattimeswhenhumanwordsdonthelp.6.Petsgiveusasenseofbeingimportantandneededbecausetheydependonusforahome,foodanddrink.7.PetsareofparticularimportancetochildreninthisPla
15、sticAgewhenmostofusliveinlargecities.8.Apetinafamilykeepspeopleintouchwiththemorenatural,animalworld.08Arguments9.Watchingtheeverydayactivitiesofapethelpsachildtounder-standnatureandcopewithproblems.10.Learningtocareforapethelpsachildtogrowupintoalovingadultwhofeelsresponsibletowardsthosedependenton
16、him.11.Animalscancommunicatewitheachotherintheirparticularway.Theycommunicatewithhumanbeings,too,fortheyarequicktosenseangerandsorrow.12.Peoplekeeppetsforemotionalratherthaneconomicreasons.13.Apetdogbringsitsmaster(owner)asenseofconfidence,forhecanseeinthedogthatfaithfulnessdoesexistandhedoeshavesom
17、ethingtotrust.14.Sterilizationofpetsinutterlycruel.Ifthereisalargenumberofpets,thenthemore,themerrier.09Counter-arguments1.Keepingpetsisjustawasteoftimeandresources.2.Petsarehumanizedbythosewhokeeppets.Owingtotheirneedforahome,forfoodanddrink,petsaretamedandidealizedbytheirowners.3.Petsandchildrenof
18、tenfightovercareandloveinthefamily.4.Peoplenowadaysaresocrazyaboutpetsthattheyevenneglectcaringfortheirownchildren.5.Acampaignshouldbelaunchedagainsttheoverpopulationofpets.6.Thegrowingnumberofpetshascausedserioushygieneproblemsthatcannotbesolved.10Counter-arguments7.Theearthwillnolongerbeaworldofhu
19、manbeingsandanimalsbutaworldofanimalsonlyifwedonttakemeasurestostoptheincreaseofpets.8.Petdogsandcatsofbothsexesshouldbesterilizedbecausetheanimalsthemselvesareindangerofbecomingthefirstvictimsforthesimplereasonthattheirownersdonthaveenoughtimefortoomanyofthem.9.Asamatteroffactthosekeeppetsdontalway
20、streattheirpetswithkindness.Theysometimesabandontheirpetswhentheygoawayonholidayandareunabletotakethepetsalongwiththem.10.Itsashamethatmanyanimalseatmuchbetterfoodthanwehumanbeingsdo.11.Itsreallyagainstnaturetocagebirds,chaindogsandkeepcatswithinthehouse.12.Petsareanimals.Theyshouldbeseenintheirnatu
21、ralhabitatratherthaninthehomesofhumanbeings.11Lesson 3Should the Brain Drain Be Stopped by Restrictions?12Arguments1.Ourgovernmentshouldtryeverywaytostopthebraindrainforthesurvivalofourcountry.2.Manyofthosewhogooverseasarecollegegraduatesonwhomthecountryhasspentalargesumofmoney.Whyshouldweeducatepeo
22、pleforothercountries?3.Chinanowfacesakeenshortageofqualifiedpersonnelbutonebatchofgiftedpeopleafteranotherhavegoneabroad.Tochangethisgrimsituationitisimpe-rativetostopanyfurtheroutflowoftalentthroughstricterrestrictions.4.Mostpeoplegoabroadtoseektheirfortunes.Inordertomakemoneyforthem-selves,afeweve
23、ntakeupindecentjobs.Wemuststopsuchkindsofpeoplefromgoingabroad.5.SomepeopledonotwanttocontributetotheconstructionofourcountryandsaythattheywillcomebackwhenChinabecomesarichandpowerfulcountry.Restrictionsfortheseunpatrioticpeopleshouldbeevenstricter.6.Itistruethatsomepeoplegoabroadtolearnadvancedscie
24、nceandtechnology,butwhataboutthosewhomajorinChinesefolksongsanddancesorthosewhomajorinsubjectsforwhichChinahasthebestteachersandthemostmaterials?13Arguments7.ManyChinesestudents,nomatterwhattheirmajorswereincollegesanduniversitieshere,turntobusinesscoursesintheUnitedStatesbecausethatmakesiteasierfor
25、themtofindajobintheUSaftergraduation.Thisshowsthattheydonotplantocomeback.Shouldwenotstoppeoplelikethemfromgoingabroad?8.ManyofthethingsstudentslearninforeigncountriescannotbeappliedinChina.Therefore,weshouldnotwastetimeandenergysendingpeopleabroadtostudy.9.Manyyoungpeoplegoabroadatsuchanearlyagetha
26、ttheyhardlyunder-standtheirowncultureandareeasilyinfluencedbyWesternideas.Thatiswhystricterrestrictionshouldbeputonyoungpeoplegoingoverseas.10.The5-year-service-systemforcollegegraduatesisnecessaryandsensible.Thisistheleastacollegegraduateshoulddoforthecountry.11.The5-year-service-systemisgoodnotonl
27、yforthecountrybutalsofortheindividualsbecausegraduatesfreshfromcollegecanhardlydotheirresearchwell.Afewyearsofworkexperiencewillhelpthemrealizetheirownweak-nessesandmakethemmoreeagertolearn.14Counter-arguments1.Thebraindrainshouldnotbestoppedbyrestrictionsbecausetheycanonlypreventpeoplefromgoingabro
28、ad,butcannevermakethemservetheneedsofourcountrysconstructionwhole-heartedly.2.Restrictionsareuseless,forinChinatherearealwayswaystogetaroundrestrictionsandmanypeoplehavealreadyfoundwaystodoso.3. Backward management should be changed in order to bring peoplesinitiativeintofullplay.4.Unfairdistributio
29、nsystemsshouldbegotridoftomakesurethatpeoplewhohavemadethemostcontributionaredulyrewarded.5.Intellectualslivingandworkingconditionsshouldbeimproved.Onlyinthiswaywillpeoplebewilling,ratherthanforced,tostayinourcountry.6.Tothosewhohavestayedinforeigncountriesbeyondtheirtimelimit,weshouldgivemoretrusta
30、ndunderstandingratherthanlabelthemasunpatrioticordismissthemfromtheirformerjobs.Onlyinthiswaycanweattractthosewhohavealreadygoneabroad.7.The5-year-service-systemisunreasonablebecauseapersonlearnsbestwhenheisyoungandfreefromfamilyduties.15Counter-arguments8.Whatoccursasaconsequenceofthe5-year-service
31、-systemisthatmanyhighschoolgraduatesrefusetogotocollegebecausetheydonotwanttobeboundbytheseregulations.9.Peoplearerequiredtopayalargesumofmoneyistheydontwanttofulfillthe5-year-serviceobligation.Thishurtsthefeelingsofmanywhoactuallywanttocomebackaftertheirstudiesabroadandforcesthemtoremainoverseaslon
32、genoughtoearntheirmoneyback.10.Formanypeopletheirdesiretogoabroadbecomesevenstrongerwhentherearerestrictions,forpeoplearealwaystemptedtodowhatisforbidden.11.Chinasirrationalemploymentandpersonnelsystemshouldbechangedsothatpeoplewhodoreturnfromabroadcanusetheskillsandknowledgetheyhaveacquiredabroad.1
33、2.Peopleabroadoftensufferfromlonelinessandhomesicknessandlongtocomeback,butcertainrulesandregulationshavefrightenedthemaway.16Lesson 4Does Criticism Do More Harm Than Good to People? 17Arguments1.Onewillimproveonlywithcriticism becausegenerallyspeaking,oneknowsonesgoodqualitiesbetterthanonesbad.2.Cr
34、iticismhelpspeopletoknowtheirnegativequalitiesbetterandwilladdtotheirself-knowledge.3.Very often criticism is more useful than compliments because those criticized canimproveandwillnotmakethesamemistakesinthefuture.4.Beingcriticizedmeanstobejudged.Suchjudgmentimpliesademandthatweshouldchange.Ifother
35、sdonotdemandchange,wemayfeeltheneedtodemanditofourselves.5.Criticismworkseffectivelywhenitfocusesonthetaskthatisbeingdone.6.Oneshouldnottakeanegativeattitudetowardscriticism,forsuchanattitudewillkeptonefromknowingwhatothersreallythinkofone.7.Inourchildhoodweallgotagreatdealofcriticismand,asaresult,l
36、earninghowtohandlecriticismisnotnewtous.8.Criticismtousislikemedicinetothesick.9.Onlythosewhocareforuswillofferuscriticisminordertostopusfromerring.10.Eventhoughsomecriticismcomesfromunfriendlyintentions,stillitcanbetakenasawarning.18Counter-arguments1.Criticismdoesmoreharmthangoodtoonesconfidencean
37、ddignity.2.Inreallifepeopletendtoholdaprotectivewebaroundthemselvesindefenseagainstcriticism,forcriticismisusuallyveryhurtful.3.Criticismmakespeopleloseconfidenceandbecomeverynegativeaboutthemselves.4.Somepeopleofillwillusetheirostensibleconcernforthegrowthofothersasanexcusetocriticizeandattackthem.
38、5.Itisnotuncommonformanysensiblepeopletowithholdtheircriticismforfearofbeingdislikedorconsideredunfair,orforfearofhurtinganotherperson.6.Criticism,withfewexceptions,discreditsus,whatwehavedone,orwhatweplantodo.7.Criticismisauthoritarianbecauseitsetsunreasonabledemandsonthosecriticized.8.Criticismsho
39、uldfocusontheproblem,ifthereshouldbeany. Veryoftenitisthepersonwhogetspickedon.9.Criticismthrowspeopleintofrustrationratherthanurgethemtoimprove.10. Frequent criticism makes people completely baffled about how to behave and dothingsproperly.11.Criticismisnotasusefulascompliments.Complimentsencourage
40、peopleandofferthemahopefulprospectofthemselvesandtheirlives,butcriticismdoestheopposite.19Lesson 5Is It Good for Students to Have Part-time Jobs? 20Arguments1.Itsgoodforstudentstohavepart-timejobsbecausethishelpscultivateindependenceamongyoungpeople.2.Part-timejobsinbusinesscanfosterasenseofcompetit
41、ion,whichisimportantforstudentsinthefuture.3.After-schoolworkenhancesayoungpersonssocialdevelopment.4. Being able to earn their own money gives students a feeling that theyve become adults and,therefore,makesthemfeelmoremature.5.Part-timejobsmakestudentsmoreconfidentinthemselves because throughthewo
42、rktheycanrealizetheirownvalueandprovethattheyarecapablepeople.6. Part-time job experience gives students an insight into what work is about and prepares thempsychologicallyfortheirfuturejobs.7.After-schoolworkteachesstudentshowharditistoearnmoneyandhelpsdevelopthriftinessinouryoungergeneration.8.Par
43、t-timejobscanhelpstudentsapplytheirknowledgeinpractice,and,inreturn,theirexperiencewillmakethemknowbetterwhattheyhavelearnedinclassesandbooks.9.Part-timejobsgivestudentsafeelingofachievementthroughcontributingtonationalconstruction.10.Part-timejobscanmakestudentslivesmorecolorfulandaregoodfortheirpe
44、rsonaldevelopment.11.Studentspart-timejobscontributealot,inonewayoranother,tooursocialistconstruction.12. Students who have part-time jobs can relieve, to some extent, the economic burdens of theirparents.13.Withthemoneyearned,studentscanbuymanyofthebookstheylike.21Counter-arguments1.Itsnotgoodforst
45、udentstodopart-timejobsbecausetheywillbecomemoney-oriented.2.Manystudentswhohavepart-timejobshaveshownadeclineintheirstudies.3.Part-timejobsdonothelpdevelopasenseofthriftinessamongyoungpeoplebecausemanystudentsspendthemoneyonhigh-priceditems,luxuriesthattheirparentscanhardlyafford.4.Part-timejobsoft
46、endistractstudentsattentionfromtheirstudies,andsomestudentsevenplaytruant.5.Themaintaskofstudentsistostudyhardandlearnwhatisneededforthedevelopmentofournation.Socialexperiencecanbegainedlateraftertheyfinishtheirstudies.6.Sincestudentsareintheirformativeyears,part-timejobsmayexposethemtosocialillsata
47、nagewhentheycannotdifferentiategoodfrombad.7.Somestudentsbecomejuveniledelinquentsbecausetheycomeundertheinfluenceofbadpeoplethroughpart-timejobs.8.Throughstudentswhohavepart-timejobsmayrelievetheirparentseconomicburdens,theirearlycontactwithsocietyaddsgreatlytotheworriesoftheirparents.9.Thoughsomea
48、fter-schoolworkcanhelpstudentspracticewhattheylearninclasses,manyofthejobsrequirenothingofthestudentsknowledge.10.Somestudentshavebecomedrop-outsbecausethroughpart-timejobstheyvefoundthatthemoreeducationyouhave,thelessmoneyyoumake.11.Afterthechaotic10-year-longCultureRevolution,Chinanowhasashortageo
49、f60millionengineers.Theproblemofdrop-outsonlymakesthesituationworse.22Lesson 6Is Euthanasia Humane? 23Arguments1.Euthanasiaishumanebecauseithelpstohastenthedeathofterminallyillpatients.2.Death,asnaturalasbirth,issometimesahardprocessthatrequiresassistance,andeuthanasiaispartofsuchassistance.3.Deathi
50、sanormalandnaturalstageoflife,sopeoplehavetherighttodie.4.Itisunnecessarytomaintainlifeartificiallybeyondthepointwhenpeoplewillneverregainconsciousness.5.Extendinganincurablyillpatientslifemeansthesameasaggravatinghispain.6. Efforts should not be made to perpetuate what has become a meaninglessexist
51、ence.7.Euthanasiacanbringmentalandphysicalreleasetothepatientandhisfamilywhenheisterminallyillandhasnoprospectofrecovering.8.Mercykillingismotivatedbynothingbutloveandsympathyforthedyingpatient.9.Mostoftheterminallyillpatientsthemselveswanttodiewithdignityandpeaceinsteadofagonyanddegradation.Euthana
52、siaistheonlysatisfactorywayout.10. The majority of people brought to trial for mercy killing are usually foundinnocentintheend.24Counter-arguments1.Itisinhumanetoperformeuthanasianomatterhowpainlesstheprocessis.2. Anyone who voluntarily, knowingly or premeditatedly takes the life ofanother,evenonemi
53、nutepriortodeath,isakiller.3.Euthanasiaisacriminaloffensebecauseitinvolvesthekillingofaperson.4.Legalizedeuthanasiawillinviteabuseofhumanlifebecauseanyformofmurdermaybeconvenientlydubbed“mercykillingbyunscrupulouspeople.5.Euthanasiaraisesmanymoralissuessinceitimpliesthatactivemeasuresaretakentotermi
54、natehumanlife.6.Doctorsandnursesshoulddoeverythingtheycantosavedyingpatientsinsteadofhasteningtheirdeathbyactivemeasures.7.Nothingcanbemorebrutalthantakingawayhumanlife.8.Theinstinctforself-preservationisthestrongesthumanbeingspossess.Itisuntruethatanypatienthimselfshouldwanttodie.9.Doctorsandnurses
55、involvedineuthanasiahavediscreditedtheirprofession,foreuthanasiaisaviolationofthefundamentalmedicalprincipletosavehumanlife.25Lesson 7Do Examinations Do More Harm Than Good? 26Arguments1.Examsareprimitivemethodsoftestingthestudentsknowledgeandability.Theydomoreharmthangoodtothestudents,theteachers,e
56、ducationitselfandthewholesociety.2. Many exams are not scientifically designed, but are subjective assessments by someanonymousexaminers.3. Exams do more harm than good, for students often spend so much time revising forexaminationsthantheycantfindenoughtimefornewwork.4.Examinationsdonotmotivatethes
57、tudenttoreadwidely,butrestricthisreading.5.Examsoftencauseanxiety,forstudentswillnotgetgoodjobswithoutgoodmarks.Manystudents suffer from bad health, and some even commit suicide because of psychologicalpressure.6.Sinceexamstestastudentsmemoryratherthanhisabilityandaptitude,theynevertrainhimtothinkfo
58、rhimself.7.Itisunfairtojudgestudentsbytheresultsofexamsbecausetheycanhardlyperformwellundergreatpressureorafterasleeplessnight.8.Examslowerteachingstandards,too.Sinceateachersworkisoftenjudgedbytheexamresultsofhisstudents,heoftenteachesthemexamtechniquesratherthanknowledge.9.Theexamsystemleadstothed
59、uck-stuffinglecturingmethod.10.Theexaminationsystemoftenproducespeoplewithgoodmarksbutpoorabilities,formanysuccessfulexamineesarewelltrainedinexamtechniquesratherthanwelleducated.11.Thestandardofeducationcannotbeimprovedsolongastheexaminationsystemexists.27Counter-arguments1.Examsareawell-triedsyste
60、mwhichoffersthebestandquickestwayofassessingacandidate.2.Examshelpusfindpeoplewithrealabilities,forthestudentscannotpossiblydowellrelyingmerelyonmemoryandexamtechniques.3.Ifstudentsworksteadilyallthetime,theyneednotspendsomuchtimepreparingforexamsandwillnothavetosufferfrompsychologicalpressure.4.Man
61、ystudentshateexams,butadmitthatwithoutexams,theywouldntdoanyworkatall.5.Examsprovideaclearstandardbywhichthestudentscanassessthemselvesfromtimetotime.6.Teacherswantexamsbecausetheyindicateclearlywhatteachersshoulddo.7. Exams help employers in their selection of employees. Though teachers can writere
62、portsabouttheirstudentsforemployers,theyareoftensubjectiveandbiased.8.Examsareconstantlybeingimproved.Thereisalotofresearchintoobjectivetestingtechniques to eliminate human error, and computers are already widely used to markspeciallydevisedtests.9. Pernicious aspects of the system, such as duck-stu
63、ffing, are not the fault ofexaminations,butofteachers.10.Theexamsystemmaynotbeperfect,butitsthebestwehave;itmaybepainful,butsoaremanythingsinlife.28Lesson 8Should We Diet in Order to Keep Fit? 29Arguments1.Beingoverweightisbadforoneshealthbecauseitleadstoheartdisease,highbloodpressure,etc.2.Medicals
64、ciencehasprovedthatanimalfatsandanexcessiveamountofsugarareharmfultooneshealth.3.Fatpeoplesufferpsychologicallyandphysically.4.Itishardforfatmenandwomentogetready-madeclothes.5.Fatpeopleandwomenareunattractivetolookat.6.Fatpeoplegettiredeasily.7.Fatpeopleshouldputthemselvesonadietbecausetheyeatmoret
65、hantheyreallyneed.8.Dietingisassociatedwithsensibleandrationalliving.9.Dietingleadstolongevity.10.Dietingenablepeopletoenjoylifemore.11. Obese people are often objects of ridicule owing to their abnormalfigures.30Counter-arguments1.Dietingdoesmoreharmthangoodtooneshealthforthesimplereasonthatadieter
66、sufferconstantlyfrommalnutrition.2.Dietersleadamiserablelifebecausetheyareforeverhungryand,atthesametime,theyhavetogothroughthetortureofwatchingothersenjoytheirthreemealsaday.3.Dietersdonotenjoylifefully.Theymissoneofthemostimportantthingsingoodfood.4.Manypeopledietnotbecausetheyreallywanttoliveahea
67、lthylife,butbecausetheyarevain.5. Many dieters are merely fashion followers. They will undertake gainingweightifbeingfatbecomesfashionableoneday.6.Whatdietersareinterestedinisnothingbutthebattleagainstspreadinghips,protrudingtummies,doublechins,etc.7.Dietersmaylosesomeweight.Oncetheystop,however,the
68、ygainweightagain,whichismoreharmfultooneshealth.8.Thoseonadietaresimplysenseless.Theytrytokeeptheir“goodfiguresattheexpenseoftheirhealth.31Lesson 9Is It a Good Idea to Control Population Growthin the World? 32Arguments1.Therapidriseinworldpopulationiscreatingproblemsforallcountriesonearthbecausether
69、esimplyarentenoughresources.2.Both rich and poor countries of the world should take united action to deal with thepopulationexplosion.Otherwise,therewillbemorepeoplefightingforlesslandandfewerresources,andthefuturewillbringpoverty,miseryandwartousall.3.Populationincreaseindevelopingcountrieshaswiped
70、outthematerialbenefitsthattheyhaveachieved.4.Statisticsshowthatwherethepopulationrateishigh,peopleslivingstandardsarelow.Thismeans,peopleslivingconditionscannotimproveunlessthereisareductionintheincreasedrateofpopulation.5.Inmoderntimes,afamilywithfewchildren,orevenwithnochildrenatall,isstillahappyf
71、amily.6.Withfewerchildreninafamily,parentsspendlesstimeonhouseholdchoresandconcentratemore on their own interests, and their children enjoy better material and educationalopportunitiesthanthoseinbiggerfamilies.7.Themostpressingproblemcreatedbytherapidincreaseinpopulationisashortageoffood.Atpresental
72、argeproportionoftheexistingpopulationisnotgettingenoughoftherightkindoffood(e.g.peopleinIndia,Ethiopia,etc.).8.Overpopulationcreatesashortageofschools,teachers,hospitalsanddoctors.9.Overpopulationcausesproblemsinhousingandemployment,especiallyincities.10.Justimaginehowmuchbetterlifewouldbeiftheworld
73、populationwerecutbyhalf!33Counter-arguments1.Morechildren,morehappiness.Thisisespeciallytrueforelderlypeoplewhoalllovechildren.2.Peopleinagriculturalareasneedmorechildrentohelpthemwiththeworkinthefields.3.Whethertohavechildrenornotinaprivatematterandnobodyshouldinterferewithit.4.Itisunfairtoblameall
74、theproblemsontheincreaseinpopulation.Itisthosegreedymanufacturersandbusinessmenindevelopedcountriesthatmaketheheaviestdemandsontheworldsresourcesandcausethemostpollution.5.Ifpopulationcontrolwereamust,itshouldbecarriedoutindevelopedcountriesaswellbecauseababybornintheU.S.willuseinhislifetime30timesm
75、oreoftheworldsresourcesthanababyborninIndia.6. Children are the most important thing in life. With fewer children around, life will be dull,meaninglessandunhappy.Itisincredibleforacoupletohavenochildatall.7.Childreninafamilygivetheparentsasenseofresponsibilityandpride.Theyareveryimportanttothestabil
76、ityofafamily.8.Populationcontroldoesgreaterharmthanwerealize.Forinstant,iftheonechildpolicyisstillinpracticein100years,peoplethenwillhavelittleideaofkinshipties,formostofthemwillhavenobrothers,sisters,uncles,aunts,orcousins.9.Withthegovernmentsfamilyplanningpolicyinoperationwenowhaveagenerationof“on
77、lychildfamilies:mostofthemarearrogant,selfish,andspoilt.10.Abigfamilyofferschildrenachancetolearnhowtocopewithandcareforotherpeople.11.Childreninbigfamilieshavethechancetocompetewitheachother,intermsoftheirmannersathome,theirstudyatschool,theirperformanceattheirplaceofwork,etc.Olderchildrenusuallyha
78、veagreatinfluenceontheyounger.34Lesson 10Should Students Only Learn from Books? 35Arguments1.Onlybookscanprovidepeoplewiththeknowledgethatmakesthemeducated.2.Thecriticismthatwhatstudentslearntodayisnotadaptedtopresent-daysocietyisutterly wrong because education can never be seen only in terms of how
79、 useful thesubjectsarewhenstudentsleaveschool.Weoughttoevaluateeducationintermsofhowmuchthestudentsenjoythosesubjectsandhowmuchtheymeantothosestudents.3.Insteadofbeingtrainedtobeutilitarian,studentsshouldbeencouragedtodothingsfortheirownsake,forgettingsatisfactionoutofthemratherthanforwhatisachieved
80、attheend.4.Thosewithagoodcommandoftheknowledgeprovidedinbookscanadaptthemselvesbettertotheirfuturelifethanthosewithout.5.Thosewhostressonlypracticalskillsandtechniquesandignorethefunctionofbooksareshort-sighted.6.Onlybyurgingstudentstoreadmore,writemoreanddomoreexercisescaneducationbeimproved.7.Bein
81、gpractical,manychildrenleaveschoolandstartearningmoneyatanearlyage.Becauseofthis,quitealargenumberofchildrenjointheranksoftheilliterateinthecountry.8.Withouttheknowledgeprovidedinbooks,thereisnopointintalkingabouttrainingqualifiedpersonnelandfosteringversatiletalents.36Counter-arguments1.Educationis
82、agradualextensionofoneself.Itdoesnotonlytakeplaceinechoolbuildings.Itisalife-longexperience.2.Studentsshouldbetaughthowtoliveandhowtogetonwithoneanother.Thisismoreimportantthanreadingandwriting.3.Writing,readingandarithmeticdontreallymatter.Whatmatteristhatstudentsshouldlearntounderstandtheworld?4.S
83、tudentsaresooverburdenedwithclass-workandhomeworkthatmanyofthemdonotenjoygoodhealth.5.Insteadofofferingstudentsbook-learningonly,weshouldencouragethemtogettoknowsocietysothattheywillbemoreadaptabletoreallife.6.Manystudentsarespoiltbyourpresent-dayeducationalsystem.Theymaybetopstudentsatschool,butthe
84、yareatalossastohowtodealwithpracticalmatters.7.Educationisbutafailureifitonlyproducespeoplewhoareunabletoputtheoryintopractice.8. We should put right the tendency of stressing only students academicachievementandignoringtheirmoralandphysicaleducation.9.Students,intheirformativeyears,shouldhaveachanc
85、etobroadentheiroutlookratherthanfeelcompelledtoworktowardspassinganexam.37Lesson 11Dose Parental Permissiveness Affect Childrens Development? 38Arguments1.Theexcessivepermissivenessofpresent-dayparentsisdoingmoreharmthangoodtochildrenandsocietyaswell.2. Children should develop the habit of working a
86、nd living independently and,meanwhile,practicethevirtueofbeingfilialtotheirparents.3.Ifoneletsthechilddowhateverhewantsto,hewillruinthechildforlife.4.Wehavetoadmitthefactthatwenowhavegotagenerationofspoilt,self-centeredbratswithnorespectfortheirelders.5.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourageislargel
87、yduetoparentalpermissiveness.6.Childrenwhohaveasurfeitofhappinessintheirchildhoodoftenemergelikestodgypuddingsandfailtomakeasuccessoflife.7.Thefactthatyoungpeoplenowadaysareself-centered,indifferentandinconsiderateofothersislargelytheoutcomeofparentalpermissivenessintheirchildhood.8.Parentalauthorit
88、yinafamilyhelpsachildtodevelophischaracterhealthily.9.Itisridiculousthat,insteadofshowingduerespecttotheirparents,childreninChinatodayenjoyextremepietyfromtheirparents.10. Parents should exercise strict discipline over their children because, the morepermissive the parents are, the more rebellious a
89、gainst their parents the children willbecome.11.Lavishcareandexcessivepermissivenesswillonlygiverisetohedonismamongtheyoungergeneration.39Counter-arguments1.Morecareforchildrenisnotthesameaspermissivenesstothem.2.Thetruthisthatparentsnowadaysdonottakeenoughcareoftheirchildrenandoftenneglecttheirdeve
90、lopmentbecausetheparentsareonlyinterestedintheircareers.3.Parentsarenotatallpermissivetotheirchildren.Violenceoftentakesplaceinfamiliesinwhichchildrenareabused.4.Onlyarelaxedfamilyatmospherecanhelpthephysicalandpsychologicalgrowthofchildren.5.Toletchildrendowhattheylikecontributionstotheirindependen
91、ceandcompetenceintheiradultlives.6.Itisunfairtoblameparentsforthespreadofjuveniledelinquency.Therearealotofothercausesinvolved.7.Manycasesshowthatchildrenleavehomeandbecomemembersofstreetgangsjustbecausetheycannotbearauthoritariancontroloverthembytheirparents.8. Strict discipline does not always wor
92、k in terms of developing childrens personalqualities.Toomuchpressureonchildrenleadstorebellionandotherextremeactions.9. Parents are not justified in using violence to keep discipline and maintain theirauthorityoverthechildren.10.Childrenarehumanbeings,too.theyneedtobeprotectedinsteadofbeingfrequentl
93、yscoldedorphysicallyabused.40Lesson 12Is It Necessary to Develop Tourism? 41Arguments1. It is necessary to develop the tourist trade, for it contributes a lot to increasingunderstandingbetweennations.2.Asthesayinggoes,“Seeingisbelieving.Onlyatriptoanunfamiliarlandcanhelpusunderstandthepeopleandcultu
94、rethere.3.Sincetourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeople,itwillfinallywipeoutprejudiceagainstothernations,andmaketheworldamorepeacefulone.4.TourismcontributessignificantlytomanycountriesGNP(GrossNationalProduct).Theeconomyofsomenationsisbasedonthetouristindustry.5.Tourismhelpsdevelopanationscom
95、mercebecausetouristsaremostlikelytobuysouvenirswherevertheygo.6.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpssolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.7.Tourismalsohelpspromotethecateringtrade.8.Tourismhelpsimprovethetransportationsystemofanation.9.Tourismhelpsaccelerateacitysconstructionanditsembellishm
96、ent.10.Contactwithtouristsfromafarwidensthehorizonofthelocalpeople.11.Thetouristtradegivespeopleachancetoenjoythebeautifulsceneryoftheworldandthewondersofmankind.12.Tourismwillhelppeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.13.Travelcanwidenoneshorizonandmakeonemoreopen-minded.42Counter-arguments1.T
97、ourismcannotincreaseunderstandingbetweennationsbecausetouristsareoftentrappedinbighotelsandonlygazeatthenativesfromadistance.2.Tourismdoesnotwipeoutprejudice,butleadstothepersistenceofnationalstereotypes because when traveling, you notice only characteristics whichconfirmyourpreconceptions.3.Itistru
98、ethatforeignfriendscanmakepeopleunderstandstereotypesareabsurdandharmful,butthetouristtradepreventspeoplefrommakingforeignfriends.4.Sincetouristsdonothavetimetomixwiththelocalpeople,theycannothaveafullviewofthelocalculture.5.Tourismmakessomepartsoftheworldtoocrowdedaplacetolivein.6.Tourismcreatespol
99、lutionandhasdestroyedmanybeautifulscenicspots.7.Touristscannothaveafullenjoymentofthebeautifulscenerybecausetheplacestheyvisitarerestrictedbyorganizers.8.Asthesayinggoes,“Travelmakesawisemanbetter,butafoolworse.9.Contactwithandassimilationofothercultureswillreducetheuniquenessofonesowncultureandmake
100、theworldlesscolorfulthanbefore.43Lesson 13Work to Live or Live to Work? 44Arguments1.Somepeoplelivetowork.Theywanttohaveafulfillingprofession.2.Workthatisworthdoinggivesmentalsatisfactiontothedoer.3.Oneshouldalwaysenjoywhatonedoesevenifthesalaryislow.4.Onewillfeeltenseifheisinthewrongjob.5.Doingwell
101、intherightjobhelpstoimproveonesrelationshipwithonescolleaguesandfamilymembers.6.Whateveronedoesisacreativeexperience,likecooking,sewing,andother“do-it-yourselfactivities.7. We shouldnt regard work merely as a breadwinning process.Weshouldtakeawiderperspectiveonwork.8.Peopleworkforthesakeofsuccess,po
102、sitionandcontrolinsociety.9.Workinggiveswomenasenseofindependenceawayfromthefamily.10. Work fulfilshuman beings and they should not be prey to baseimpulses.11.Toworkisahumanneedandauniquehumancharacteristic.45Counter-arguments1.Somepeopleworktolive.Toliveistosurvive.Itisafundamentalhumanneed.2.Worki
103、sameanstoanend.Itisabreadwinningprocess.3.Oneishappyifhisjobenableshimtoearnenoughtolivewell.4.Thepersonwhoworkstolivehasaverystrongsenseofresponsibilityforhisfamilyandhimselfaswell.5.Thepurposeofworkingistolivesatisfactorily.6.Workshouldnotruleoneslife.Assoonasonearriveshomefromwork,heshouldforgeta
104、bouttheoffice.7.Workisdrudgery.Peopleworksothattheywillenjoytheirleisureorwhatevercomesafterit.8.Formostpeople,workhasverylittlevalueatall.9. Nowadays, we do things which are either totally futile and useless or have very littlejustification.10.Formostofustheonlyreasonforworkingisthatweneedtokeepour
105、selvesalive,topayforsomewheretolive,topaytofeedourchildren.11.Alotofpeoplehavefoundthatworkinghasbecomeadispiritingexperience.Soworkcanneverbethegoaloflife.12.Toworkistoearnmoney,andmoneycanbuyhappiness.13.Makingmoneyisgratifyingandexciting.Peopleslivesareactuallygearedtowardsthisbecausetheamountofm
106、oneyoneearnssymbolizeshispositioninsociety.14.Peoplearevain.Theydontadmitthefactthattheyworkhardinordertoenjoylife.46Lesson 14Does the younger Generation Know Best? 47Arguments1.Theyoungarebettereducatedandmorebroad-minded.2.Theyoungenjoyalotmorethingsthantheold:theyhavemoneytospend;theyarelessdepen
107、dentontheirparent;theygrowupmorequickly;andtheyenjoymorefreedom.3.Theyoungdonotblindlyaccepttheidealsoftheirelders.4.Theoldassumetheyknowbest,butitisonlyamaterofexperience.5.Theyoungquestionthevaluesandassumptionsoftheoldergenerationandtheyareright.6.Theyoungrejectconformity,indress:drabgreysuitsand
108、convicthaircut.7.Theyoungenjoymorefreedomandhaveastrongersenseofresponsibility.8.Theoldtendtosettledifferencesbyconventionalpoliticsandviolence.9.Theoldareunhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives.10.Theolddonothavenobleambitionsandonlystriveformaterialpossessions.11.Theoldareunabletokeepawayfromth
109、eratrace,inwhichtheyhavelosttouchwiththemostimportantthingsinlife.12.The old can learn from the young. Young people are more devoted totheirfriends.13.Theyoungknowhowtoenjoyworkandleisureandnottobeinhibited.14.Theyoungliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.48Counter-arguments1.Theyoungdonotassu
110、metheirresponsibility;theyevadeit.2.Theyounghavetoomuchmoneyandtheyarespoiled.3.Theyoungarenotinterestedinimportantquestions.4.Theyoungareonlyinterestedinthemselves.5.Theyoungareconcernedonlywithmakingmoneyandgettingahead.6.Theyoungseekmaterialpossessionslikeclothing,cars,etc.Theydonotwishtoworkfort
111、hem.7.Theyoungshouldfeelgratefultotheoldergenerations,whohavecreatedagoodlifeforthem.8.Theoldergenerationbroughtaboutpeaceandfreedomwhichtheyoungenjoytoday.9.Theoldprovidetheyoungwithagoodeducationandmoneytospend.10.Theoldergenerationfoughtinthetwoworldwars.Theyfacedrealproblems,buttheyounghaveaneas
112、ierlife.11.Theyoungareshallowandclingtopassingfashions:trendyclothes,popmusic,etc.12.Thewaymanyyoungpeopledressisinverybadtaste.Theygrowlonghair,andtheyaredirty,scruffy,andlazy.13.Youngpeoplehavetoomuchfreedomandhavenosenseofmorality.14.Theoldergenerationistookindandsoftwiththeyoung.Atougherpolicyis
113、neededandmightworkwonders.15.Theyoungareunadventurousandtheylacknobleideals.16.Youngpeoplesoutlookontheworldisverybleakandtheyareskepticalofeverything.17.Youngpeopleareunstable.Theyarecocksure.49Lesson 15Should Smoking Be Prohibited? 50Arguments1.Smokingshouldbeprohibited,fortheWorldHealthOrganizati
114、onpointsoutthatdiseaseslinkedtosmokingkillatleast2,500,000peopleeachyear.2.Scientificresearchhadshownthattheriskofdevelopinglungcancerincreaseswiththenumberofcigarettessmokedperdayandthedurationofthesmokinghabitanditdiminisheswiththecessationofsmoking.3.Smokingnotonlyleadstolungcancerbutmanyotherdis
115、easessuchasheartattacks,sorethroat,headache,chronicbronchitis,pulmonaryemphysema,etc4.Smokingisnotonlyharmfultothesmokerhimself(herself),butalsoresultsinthedeathsofnon-smokers.Statisticsshowthatpassivesmokingiscausing3,000to5,000lungcancerdeathsayearamongAmericannon-smokers.5.AnAmericanscientistesti
116、matedthatsmokerswhoaverageapackageadayfor20yearswillloseabouteightyearsoftheirlives.6.Smokingmakestheindoorenvironmentfarmorepollutedthanoutdoorenvironment.7.Pregnantwomenwhosmokeruntheriskofhavingdeformedbabies8.Smokingisanexpensivehabit,forasmokerwhoconsumes10cigarettesadaywillhavetospendatleast40
117、yuanamonth9.Smokinghasabadimpactonthepsycheofthesmokers.Ontheonehand,smokersrealizethebadeffectsofsmokingandarepersuadedfromtimetotimetogiveupsmoking.Ontheotherhand,manyofthemcanhardlyresistthetemptationtosmoke.Hencetheyoftenloseconfidenceinthemselves.10.Childrenexposedtoparentalcigarettesmokingarep
118、utatahigherriskofdevelopinglungdiseaseslaterintheirlives.11.Inthecountryside,somesmokerssharethesamepipe,whichisevenmoreunhealthy.12.Smokingnotonlypollutestheairbutalsomakesthestreetsdirty,forsomesmokersflicktheashofftheircigarettesandthrowcigaretteendseverywhere.13.Smokingspeedsuptheprocessofaginga
119、ndhelpscausewrinklesonpeoplesfaces.51Counter-arguments1.Smokingshouldnotbeprohibited,forcigarettesgiveavastnumberofpeopleagooddealofpleasurealotofthetime.2.Nicotinecanproduceatranquilizingeffectduringhighemotions;andshocksituations,and,therefore,helpstocalmpeopledown.3.Smokingcounteractsthedecreasei
120、nefficiencythattypicallyoccursinboring,monotonoussituations.4.Smokerscanimprovetheirperformanceincomplexsituationswhilesmoking.5.Smokershelpincreasetherevenueofourcountry.6.Smokingkillsnomorepeoplethanepidemicsortrafficaccidents.7.Mostnon-smokersspendalotofmoneyonsnacks,ahabitcostingasmuchassmokingi
121、fnotmore.8.Manygirlsadmirehandsomeboyswithacigaretteontheirlip,becausetheybelievesmokingisasignofmaturityinmen.9.Girlswhosmokeappearcoolandcapable.10.Ifsmokingiseliminated,alotofpeopleinthetobaccoindustrywillbeoutofjobs,andthatwillcreatemanysocialproblems.11.Smokingmaynotalwaysleadtodeath.WinstonChu
122、rchillwasachain-smokerbutenjoyedalonglife.12.Factshaveshownthatifachain-smokersuddenlyquitssmoking,hesmorelikelytohavelungcancerthanthosewhokeepthehabit.13.Everybodyhastherighttokeephisorherhabit.Smokersarenoexception.52Lesson 16Is Money the Most Important Thing in Life? 53Arguments1.Everythinginmod
123、ernsocietyisbasedonmoney.Asthesayinggoes,moneymakesthemarego.2.Parentsobjecttotheirdaughtersmarriagesunlesstheirfuturesons-in-lawhavejobswithgoodprospects.3.Manyyoungpeoplemarryformoneyratherthanforlove.4.SomepeopleinShanghaiwouldeventradetheirself-esteemformoney.5.Materialism influences education,
124、too. Students acquire knowledge not for its ownsake,butforabiggerwagepacket.6.Studentschoosebusinesscoursesratherthanliberalartsforthesakeofearningbigmoneyinthefuture.7.Veryfewpeoplewanttobeteachersbecauseteachingisnotalucrativeprofession.8.Moreemphasisisputonmateriallifethanonspirituallifeinmoderns
125、ociety.Peopledoanythingintheirpowertoearnmoneytobuytheirhouses,furniture,cars,etc.9.Peoplearetrainedtobeacquisitivefromanearlyageandarenotconsideredsuccessfulunlesstheymakegoodmoney.10.PeoplespendmostoftheirlivesstrugglingfranticallytokeepupwiththeJoneses11.Wealthynationsoftendeprivetheirpoorerneigh
126、borsoftalentedpeoplebyofferingthembiggersalaries.12.Financialrewardsforpopstarsmakemanypeopleenvythem.13.Adesiretoearnmoremoneyisnothingtobeashamedof.54Counter-arguments1.Toomuchwealthleadstodisaster.Murderorkidnappingmightoccurwhenbigmoneyisinvolved.2.Thereisamarkedreluctanceamongpeopletoworklongho
127、ursformoney. Manypeopledesiretohavearichandinterestinglife.3.Moneycorrupts.Themoremoneyyouhave,themoreyouwant.4. Success and wealth often earn one envy and even hostility which ruins good humanrelationship.5.Manyyoungpeoplerejectmaterialisticvalues.Theyaremotivatedbytheirinterestinwork.6.Manypeoplet
128、hinkitisvulgartobeaftermoneyallthetime.Theygiveawaytheirmoneytolessfortunatepeople.7.Manydevotedteachersconsiderteachinganoblecareerandarenotdemoralizedbytheirlowsalaries.8.Thereisnowareturnofinterestinthehumanities,whicharousepeoplesacademicinterest.Moneyisobviouslynotthesoleinteresttothesepeople.9
129、.Thereexistmanyvolunteerorganizations,suchasneighborhoodcommitteesinChina,peopleinvolvedinworkwithoutareward.10.Whenpeoplearestruckbynaturaldisastersinonepartoftheworld,thoseinotherpartsoftheworldoftenhelpgenerously.11.Whatscientistsandengineerswantisoftenbetterconditionsforworkratherthanmoremoney.5
130、5Lesson 17Is Romantic Love the Most Important Condition for Marriage? 56Arguments1.Marriageistheresultandextensionoflove.Therefore,romanticloveisthemostimportantconditionofmarriage.2.Loveshouldbethemostimportantconditionformarriagebecauseamarriagewithoutloveislikehellinwhichthecouplessufferfortheres
131、toftheirlives.3.Romanticlovewillenablethecoupletoconqueranydifficultiesintheirlifetogether.4.Infeudalsociety,manypeoplesufferedfromarrangedmarriagesbecauselovewasneveranelementforconsiderationinmarriagesatthattime.5. Romantic love can lead to the healthy psychological development of thecouple.6.Marr
132、iagesbasedonromanticlovewillbringforthbeautifulandintelligentchildren.7.Marriagesbasedonlovetendtocreateahappyandharmoniousatmosphereinthefamilywhichisgoodforthedevelopmentofchildren.8.Ahappymarriagehelpsonetoachievemoreinonescareer.9.Amarriagewithoutloveisworsethanbeingsingle.10.Marriagewithoutlove
133、ismostlikelytoendindivorcewhichcreatesmanysocialproblems.57Counter-arguments1.Loveisnotthemostimportantconditionformarriagebecauseloveisromanticwhereasmarriageispractical.2.Lackofmoneyinanewmarriagemightbringtroubleandchronicquarrelling.3. Education is the most important condition for a good marriag
134、e because a couple whoseeducationallevelsdonotmatcharenotlikelytohavemuchincommon.4.Amarriagebasedonromanticlovealonewillnotlastlong,forasenseofresponsibilityismostessentialtoasuccessfulmarriage.5.Ageisaveryimportantconditionforahappymarriagebecause,ifthecouplesbelongtodifferentagegroups,theytendtoh
135、avedifferentinterestsandfindithardtounderstandeachother.6.Loveisnotthemostimportantconditionforahappymarriagebecause,whenthechoiceiscarefullyandwiselymade,itsusuallyagoodone.7.Healthisaveryimportantconditionforagoodmarriage.Ifeitherpartyofamarriagesuffersfrompoorhealth,thenhappinessisimpaired.8.Asth
136、esayinggoes,loveblindsamantoimperfection,soamarriagebasedonlovealoneisonlyabetforhappiness.9.Parentalapprovalisimportantformarriagebecauseitcreatesunityinafamily.Moreover,theexperienceofparentscanoftencorrectandrestraintheheadstronganddistortedchoicesofinexperiencedyouth.10.Loveisnotthesingle,mostim
137、portantconditionforasuccessfulmarriage.Itrequiresthecombinationofmanyconditions,allofwhichareimportant.58Lesson 18Should Women Be Treated the Sameas Men? 59Arguments1.Prejudiceagainstwomenviolatesthefundamentalprinciplethatallpeoplearecreatedequal.2.Womenshouldnotbetreateddifferentlyfrommensince,acc
138、ordingtostatistics,thereisnobasicdifferencebetweenthestandardandqualityofworkperformedbymenandwomenwhodothesamework.3.Thisisanunfairworld:mostofthetoppositioninsociety,likecompanydirectors,judges,universityprofessors,etc.areoccupiedbymen.4.Thisisamale-dominantworld.Overcenturiesmenhavebeentrainingan
139、deducatingwomentoconsiderthemselvesinferiorandtoaccepttheirsuperiorposition.Asaresult,notonlymenareprejudicedagainstwomen,butsomewomenarealsoprejudicedagainstthemselvesbecausetheybelievetheyarereallyinferiorandonlyfitforhouseholdchores.5.Womenshouldnolongerbetreatedastheinferiorsex.Theyshouldstandsi
140、debysidewithmenanddefinetheirroleinsociety,inwhichtheycanchoosetoworkoutsideorstayathomeandinwhichtheywillhavemoretimetodeveloptheirowninterests.6.Itisashameinthemodernworldtoconfinewomentothehomeandblocktheirwaytothefullexploitationoftheircapacityandpotential.7.Womenshouldbegivenanequalchanceofeduc
141、ationinordertocompetewithmenonanequalfooting.8.Menshouldtakeanequalshareinhouseworksoastoliberatewomenfromthekitchen.9.Itisunreasonableforauthoritiestorefusetopromoteablewomentoimportantpostsjustbecausetheyhavechildrentobringup.60Counter-arguments1.Sincewealladmitthatwomenbelongtoadifferentsex,wesho
142、uldntcomplainaboutthedifferenttreatmenttowomen.2.Thefactisthatmosthousewivesarecontenttobehousewives.Theydontfeelthathousekeepingissomethingimposeduponthembymen.3.Womenarebynaturegoodathousekeepingsincethebiologicalfunctionofawomanisfirsttobringchildrenintotheworldandthentobringthemup.Womenshouldnta
143、ttributetheexploitationoftheirbiologicaladvantagetomensdiscriminationagainstthem.4.Thedifference(womenusetheword“unequal)treatmenttowomenis,infact,thedivisionoflaborbothathomeandinsociety.5.Ifstayingathometakingcareofhouseholdchoresisasortofdiscriminationagainstwomen,dowomenagreetoworkoutsidewhileth
144、eirhusbandsdothehouseworkathome?6.Actuallywomentodayhavealreadygotasmuchfreedomastheycouldpossiblywant.Theyenjoytherighttovote;theycangotouniversity;theycancompetewithmeninanyprofessionalfieldonequalterms.Itisgroundlessandunreasonabletoraisetheissueofunequaltreatmentofwomeninsociallife.7.Womenarebor
145、ntobeattentiveandtender.Theirtalentslieinbeingmothersinsteadofinotherdirections.8.Ithasbeenprovedthatwomenarenotgoodatbusinessmanagement,politicaladministration,etc.Thatiswhywomendontholdmanyimportantpostsinsocialandeconomiclife.9.Mostwomenarefamily-orientedbynature.Nottoputtheminimportantpositionsi
146、sjusttoshowconsiderationfortheirnaturalinclination.10.Womenshouldnotattributetheirinferiorsocialstatustounequaltreatmentbymen.Theyhavetolookattheirownincompetenceandinabilityforanswer.11.Thefactisthatwomenhavereceivedtoomuchspecialtreatmentinsocietyatmensexpense.Womenshouldrealizethatmenareinanunfav
147、orablepositionandarediscriminatedagainst.12.Womenshouldntcomplainabouttheirso-called“doubleburden(workandhouseholdchores)becausemenhavealwaysaskedthemtotakeonlyoneoftheresponsibilities,i.e.takingcareofthefamily.Itiswomenthemselveswhochoosetotakeupboth.61Lesson 19Is It Goodto Livein a Large Modern Ci
148、ty? 62Arguments1.Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol.2.Trainsarepacked;streetsarecrowded;busesarefull.Therearebusqueuesandtrafficjamseverywhere.3.Commutingstretchesmansresourcestotheutmost.4.Unforeseenevents(e.g.power-cut,heavysnowfall,etc.)canbringaboutconditionofutterchaos.5.City-dwellersadoptawho
149、llyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandtherhythmofnature.Theyarebarelyconsciousofseasons.Flowers,leaves,thechangesofseasonbecomeirrelevantintheirlives.6. Distinction between day and night is lost. There is always noise and traffic,everywhere.7.Rentsarehigh;buyingahouseofyourownaveragepeopl
150、eisimpossible.8.Thecostoflivingishighinbigcities.9.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolence;housesareoftenburgled.10.Tensioninbigcitiesshortenspeopleslives.11.Peoplelosetoomuchtimeingettingtowork.12.Inbigcitiestherearenotenoughcinemas,publictransportorpublictoilets.13.Pollutioninbigcitiesisbecomingimpossible.14.
151、Citypeoplearenotaswarm-heartedandfriendlyascountrypeople.63Counter-arguments1.Mostpeoplelovecitiesandmanyareflockingtherefromthecountry.2.Modernmanistoosophisticatedforsimplecountrypleasures.3.Itisenoughtovisitthecountrysideatweekends.4. Commuting does not really affect those who live in cities; it
152、is only a smallinconvenience.5.Gettingtoworkbybikeisveryhealthy.6.Peopleeasilyadaptthemselvestocitylife;noise,traffic,etc.arehardlynoticeable.7.Onlyasmallminorityofcity-dwellersareinvolvedincrimeandviolence.8. There are manyreasons why city life is preferable; there are more places forentertainment,
153、etc.9.Itisgoodtobenearonesfriendsandnevercutoffbyweatherconditions.10.Lifeisneverdull;thereisalwayssomethingtodo.11.Therearebetterschoolsandservicesinbigcities.12.Therearemorechancesofemployment.Thereisagreaterrangesofjobsandthepayishigher.13.Thereismoreopportunitytosucceedinlife.14.Thereismoreoppor
154、tunitytomeetavarietyofinterestingpeople.15.Livingstandardsarehigh.16.Itiseasytoearnalotofmoney.17.Theeducationallevelishigher;itisabetterplaceforchildren.64Lesson 20IsHousing ReformNecessary? 65Arguments1.HousingreformispossiblebecauseChinasoverallsocialreformenvironmentisnotyetreadyforit.2.ItstheSt
155、atesdutytoprovideshelterforurbanemployeesasakindofsocialwelfare.3. The commercializationor privatization of housing is synonymous with takingmoneyoutofpeoplespocketsandrunscountertotheidealsofsocialism.4.InChinasurbanareas,thepercapitamonthlyincomeisnomorethan80yuan,whichisnotevenenoughforfoodandoth
156、ernecessities.Howcancitydwellersfindextramoneytobuyahouse?5.Housinggivestherichminorityratherthantheaverageminorityachancetolivebetter.6.Itisdifficultforenterprisestoearmarklargesumsofmoneytosupporthousingreformsincemanyofthemarenotprofitablyrun.7.Thepriceofhousinghasrocketedto2,000yuanasquaremeteri
157、nsomecities.Atthepresentsalarylevelateacherwouldhavetohavealifetimessavingsbeforebeingabletobuyatwo-roomapartment.8.Sincehousingreformiabeingcarriedoutinunitswithvastlydifferentconditions,itmayhappensthatsomeunitshaveemptyhouseswaitingforbuyerswhereasotherstrydesperatelytofindmoneytobuildnewhouses.6
158、6Counter-arguments1.Housingreformianecessarybecause,inthepastfewyears,theStatehasspent30billionyuanayearonbuildingandmaintaininghousesandsubsidizingrents,yettheinvestmenthasproducedlittlefinancialreturnandahousingshortagestillpersists.2.Commercializationofhousingwouldstopsomeofficialsfromabusingthei
159、rpositionstoobtainextraorlargerhouses.3. Many couples who work in different units have two apartments living in one andkeepingtheotherfortheirchildrensfuturemarriage.Thissituationcanonlybechangedbyhousingreform.4.Therearestillcasesofthreegenerationssharingoneroom,simplybecausetheStatedoesnothaveenou
160、ghmoneytoimprovetheirhousingconditions.5.Ifonlyonehalfofthestate-builthousesnationwidearesoldtourbanresidents,upto200billionyuanwillberecouped,whichcanbeusedtoinventintheconstructionofmoreresidentialdwellings.6.Housingreformisnecessary,foritwillstopthe“backdoorismintheprevioussystemofhousingassignme
161、nt.7. With construction costs shared by local governments, would-be buyers and localenterprises,peoplecanbuyatwo-roomapartmentforonly6,000to10,000yuan.8.Manypeoplestillliveindangerousandoldhouses,whichcanonlybeimprovedwiththemoneycollectedthroughhigherrent.67Lesson 21Should PeopleBe Promotedaccordin
162、g to Ability? 68Arguments1. It is a matter of course that people should be promoted according to ability instead of age orexperience.2.Chinahasalongtraditionofselectingtalentedpeopletobeofficialsregardlessoftheirfamilybackgrounds.Thereisstillapointtothispractice,foritopposesappointmentbyfavoritism.3
163、.Societyhasdonealotofinjusticetotalentedpeoplebyletting“yes-mentakeoffice.4.ItisadisgracethatpeoplegetpromotedsimplybecausetheyknowsomeVIPs(veryimportantpersons).5.Itisveryhardtodoawaywiththesystemofpromotionaccordingtoseniority.Thishaspreventedtalentedpeoplefromdevelopingtheirpotential.6.TheEstabli
164、shmentshouldletthetalentedgivefullreintotheirabilities.7.Nowadayswhatoneknowsismuchlessimportantthanwhoheknowsandhowoldheis.8.Itisunfairthatalotoftalentedpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,areatthebottomofthehierarchy.Ittakestwentyoreventhirtyyearsforthemtogetpromotedwhentheyarethoughttobeoldenoughforthep
165、osition.9.Therehasbeenaviciouscircle:ThosewhowerekeptoutoftheEstablishmentwhentheywereyoung adopt the same attitude towards young talented people once they are in power. They takerevengeontheyoungforthesimplereasonthattheirtalentwasstifledinyouth.10.Itisashamethatsomepeoplegetpromotedsimplybecauseth
166、eyaregoodatflattery.Thosepeoplehidetheirambitiontomoveupbehindcompliments.11.Oncebyselectingtalentedpeopletooccupytheleadingpostscanwemakethesocietyabetterplacetolivein.12.Itisjustifiablethattalentedpersonnelbringtheirabilityintofullplaybybecomingleaders.69Counter-arguments1.Onestalentdoesnotmattera
167、smuchasonesfamilybackgroundoronessocialcircle.2.Itisabiasedviewthatpeoplestalentwillbestiflediftheydonotholdimportantpositions.3.Itisnecessaryforallthetalentedtoelbowtheirwayintoofficialdombecause,ontheonehand,therearenotenoughvacancies,ontheotherhand,notallofthemaresuitabletobeofficials.4.Inacompet
168、itivesociety,peoplearepromotedaccordingtomanyfactorslikeonesenterprise,initiative,etc.notjuatability.5.Thosewhocomplainofunfairtreatmentinsocietyaremerelyjealousofotherssuccess.6.Differentpeoplehavedifferentstrengths,andnoteveryoneiscapableofbeinganofficial.7.Ifpeoplewithoutleadershipcapacityarechos
169、entobeofficials,theywillbunglethings.8.Whatatalentisisdifficulttodefine.9.Thenumberofleadingpostsislimited,butthereisneveralimittothenumberoftalentsinphilosophy,literature,art,history,educationandnaturalsciences.Itisinthesefieldsthattheycangivefullplaytotheirstrengths.70Lesson 22Should Capital Punis
170、hmentBe a Major Deterrentto Crime? 71Arguments1.Thereshouldneverbesuspensionofcapitalpunishment.2.Murdererswhosemotiveismoneyshouldnotgetofflightly.Itisabsolutelywrongtothinkprofessionalkillersareinsaneandneedhospitaltreatment.3.Criminalsmustbemadetoseetheconsequencesoftheircrimes.“Aneyeforaneyeanda
171、toothforatoothistheverybasisofjustice.4.Capitalpunishmentprotectsunarmedpolicemenandyoungchildren.5.Capitalpunishmentismorehumanebecausethecriminaldoesnotsufferthetortureoflifeimprisonment.6.Onlythereturnofthedeathpenaltycanensurethatpeoplecansleepsafelyintheirbeds.7.“Societyistoblameforthecrimesisa
172、nincorrectargument.Itwillleadtomorecrimes.8.Murderersarenothumaneand,therefore,theycannotexpecttobetreatedashumans.9.Wearefailingtopunishcrimejustly.Thelawistoolenient.10.Capitalpunishmentisnotcruel.Modernmethodsarepainless.11.Capitalpunishmentshouldbeamajordeterrent.Otherstrictlawsshouldalsobeputin
173、topractice.12.Alifesentenceisonlyanominalsentence.Itleavesachanceforthecriminaltoescape.13.Thosewhoarelenienttocriminalsareunkindtoinnocentpeople.14.Weshouldntbeblindedbyemotionalarguments,whichleadstorelaxationofharshlaws.72Counter-arguments1.Capital punishment should notbeamajordeterrent.Emphasis
174、should beputonthereformofcriminals.2.Ithasbeenprovedmanytimesinthepastthattherelaxationofharshlawshasneverledtoanincreaseincrime.Therefore,the“deterrentargumentisabsurd:capitalpunishmentneverprotectedanyone.3.Thoseinfavorofcapitalpunishmentaremotivatedonlybyadesireforrevengeandretaliation.4. There h
175、as been a marked trend in society towards a more humane treatment of less fortunatemembers.Thesameattitudecharacterizesourapproachtocrime.5.Hanging,electricchairs,garotting,etc,arebarbaricandcruel.6.Suspensionofcapitalpunishmentisenlightened,civilizedandhumane.7.Crimecanonlybedrasticallyreducedbythe
176、eliminationofsocialinjusticesnotbycreatingso-called“deterrentswhentherealproblemsremainunsolved.8.Itisillegaltomurder,butarewejustifiedintakingawaythelifeofthemurderer?No.capitalpunishmenthelpscreateabloodyworld.9.Lenientcriminallegislationhelpscriminalstostartanewlife.10.Hewhonevererrsdoesnotexist.
177、Thedeathpenaltyleavesnochanceforfirstoffenderstoreform.11.Murderersvary.Somekillpeopleonlytodefendthemselveswhileothersaretrigger-happy.Itisunfairtogivethedeathpenaltytoeverymurderer.12.Somecriminalscanbereformediftheyarehandledproperly.Thedeathsentenceleavescriminalsnohopeatall.73Lesson 23Is It Nec
178、essaryto Keepthe “Iron Rice Bowl? 74Arguments1.“Ironricebowlisadead-endbecauseitleadstolowefficiencyandstagnancyinanenterprise.2.Losingajobdoesnotnecessarilymeanbadluck.Itmaybringabetter,moresatisfactoryjob.3.IntheruralareasinChina,breakingthe“ironricebowlhasbroughtfarmersabiggerincomeandabetterlife
179、.4.The“ironricebowlsystemisunfairbecausepeoplegetroughlythesamepayregardlessoftheircontribution.5.Doingawaywiththe“ironricebowlsystemwillpermitlayingoffincompetentstaff,increaseefficiencyandgiveailingenterprisesanewleaseonlife.6.Togiveupthe“ironricebowlsystemwiilcausepainanddifficulties,butwehavetor
180、ememberwewontbeabletoachieveanythingunlesswearereadytomakesomesacrifice.7.Breakingthe“ironricebowlofferspeoplefreedominthelabormarket.Itisthisfreedomthatenablespeopletodevelopfullytheirpotentialandcreativity.8.Afterbreakingthe“ironricebowl,peoplehavebeguntopaymoreattentiontotheirpersonalcalueandhave
181、developedasenseofcompetition.9.Lackofsecurityandasenseofcompetitionforcepeopletodoabetterjobthanothers,whichleadstoprogressinsocietyasawhole.10.Ajobwhichiseasy,confortableandsafedoesnotalwaysbringhappiness,satisfactionandsuccess.11.The“ironricebowlshacklesthosewhoaretalented,competitive,andchallengi
182、ng.75Counter-arguments1.The“ironricebowlsystemprovidespeoplewithasenseofsecurityandguaranteeoflife.2.Unemploymentisasocialevilandshouldbeavoidedatallcosts.3.Onlythesecurityofjobscanensurethestabilityofenterprisesandsocietyasawholebecauselarge-scaleunemploymentleadstodisturbanceandchaos.4.Manycrimesa
183、recommittedbythosewhoareunemployed.5.Frequentjobchangescausetroubletotheadministrationandmanagementofanenterprise.6.Withoutapermanentjobassignment,peoplewillhavetofacealotofproblems:medicalcare,pension,etc.7.Nobodyisjustifiedindeprivingothersoftherighttowork.Breakingthe“ironricebowlsystemisequivalen
184、ttotakingawaysomeonesrighttowork.8. Many who quit their permanent jobs and became private business owners have startedexploitingothers,whichisanevilthatshouldbeforbiddeninoursociety.9.Certainadministrativemeasuresshouldbeadoptedtostoptheflowofpersonnelinordertokeepfactoriesandgovernmentofficesinnorm
185、alworkingorder.10.Thosewhochangetheirjobsfrequentlydonothavetheslightestsenseofresponsibilityforwhattheydo.Whattheyseekisnothingbutmoneyandpersonalsuccess.11.The“ironricebowlhasnothingtodowiththeinefficiencyofabusiness.12. Breaking the “iron rice bowl does little good to society as a whole. It only
186、givesopportunistsachancetomakeprofitsforthemselves.76Lesson 24Does FashionContribute Anythingto Society? 77Arguments1. A good appearance makes a person look younger, feel relaxed andconfident.2.Agoodappearancemayhelppeoplemakeabetterimpressioninsocialcontacts.3.Whenpeoplearegettingold,theyshouldpaym
187、oreattentiontotheirappearance.4.Lifeiscolorful,sopeopleshouldnotbecladonlyindrabblue,grey,blackandgreen.5.Thewaypeoplearedressedhelpsthemtopreserveasenseoftheirownvalueandpersonality.6.Investinginjewelleryisabetterhedgeagainstinflationthansavingpapermoney.7.Fashionaddsspicetolifewithitsrichcolor,var
188、iety,andbeauty.8. Men and women follow fashions in order to please each other andthemselves.9.Theworldwillbeadullplacetoliveinifpeoplealwayswearclothesofthesamestyleandcolor.78Arguments10. There is no commercial exploitation of women because a hugedemandfornewstylealwaysexists.11.Massproductionmakes
189、well-designedclothescheap,availabletoeveryone.12.Thesedaysmenarefashion-conscious,too.Theypaymoreattentiontotheirhairstyles,shirts,suits,shoes,belts,andsoon.13.Thefashionindustryisanenormousone.Itprovidesemploymentforpeopleliketextileworkers,designers,shopkeeper,etc.14.Thefashionindustryhashelpedind
190、ustrialresearchinthesensethatalotofnewmaterials,likenylon,rayon,etc.havebeenmadetomeetthedemandoftheconsumers.15.Thefashionindustryhasbecomeahugeimport-exportbusinessanditisimportanttoworldtrade.16. Being well-dressed is of psychological importance becauseconfidenceinonesappearanceleadstoconfidencei
191、nonessuccessinlife.79Counter-arguments1.Onlyirresponsibleyoungpeoplearecrazyaboutfashion.2.Fashionappealsonlytothosewhodonthavearealsenseofbeauty.3.Moneyshouldbeinvestedinthingsotherthanjewellery.4.Peoplesometimeslookoddwiththeso-calledfashionablehairstyles,make-up,anddress.5.TopdesignersinParisandL
192、ondonaredictatorial,fortheylaydownthelawandthewholeworldrushestoobey.6.Fashiongoeslikethis:oneyear,onething;thenectyear,thereverse.7.Fashion-followersaremercilesslyexploited.8.Peoplearesovainthattheyareafraidofbeingseeninold-fashionedclothes.9.Weshouldalwaysbearthisinmind:Dontjudgeapersonbyhisappear
193、ance.80Counter-arguments10. People, especially the fashion-followers, are blackmailed by fashion-designersandstores.11.Changingfashionsisadeliberatecreationofwastebecauseonewillhavetodiscardalotofnewclothesinordertofollowfashions.12.Inordertofollowfashions,peoplewastealotofmoneybythrowingawaynewthin
194、gs;theywastealotofmoneybyalteringhem-lines,waist-lines,neck-lines,etc.13. Fashion designers are not interested in important things like warmth,comfort, and durability of the clothes. They are only interested in outwardappearanceandprofits.14. The odder the clothes, the more expensive they are, and t
195、he morefashionbaletheybecome.Itsagreatpitythatpeoplehavelosttheirappreciationofrealbeauty.15.Inordertofollowfashions,peoplehavetoputupwithgreatdiscomfort,suchassufferingfromcoldinwinter.16.Onesconfidencedoesnotgrowfromthewayoneisdressed,butfromtheinnerqualitiesonepossesses.81Lesson 25Do Advertisemen
196、ts Playa Positive or Negative Rolein Our Society? 82Arguments1. Daily life needs advertisements because the main function of advertising is todisseminate information on commodities, services, culture, employment, studentenrollmentandevenmarriage.2.Advertisementsprovidethemostdirect,comprehensiveandd
197、etailedinformation.Wegettoknowabouthouseholdgoodsfromadvertisements.3.Advertisingitselfisabusinessthathasprovidedagreatnumberofjobs.4.Withadvertisements,peoplesavealotoftimeinshopping,lookingforjobs,etc.5.Advertisingisaprocessofartisticcreation.6.Advertisingcreatesmassmarkets.Withoutadvertisements,m
198、anufacturersmayfinditdifficulttoselltheirproducts.7.Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadradwalloranewspaperfullofnewsofcalamities.8. Without advertisements, newspapers, commercial radios and television, companiescouldnotsurvive.9.The“smalladsareanextremelyusefulservicetothecommunity.
199、10.Youcanfindajob,rentanapartment,buyorsellahouse,etc.bywayofadvertising.11. Advertising helps stabilize industry and employment, improves quality, and, bycompetition,halpskeeppriceswithinbounds.83Counter-arguments1.Advertisementsaresimplymisleadingandcheating.Theyarefilledwithfloweryphrasesandempty
200、promises.2.Itsfrivoloustodefendadvertisingbecauseitprovidescheerfulreadingmatter.3.Fakeadvertisingcheatsconsumersand,insomeseriouscases,threatensgulliblepeopleslives.4.Advertisersareinconsideratetothepublic.Whattheycareaboutismakingmoney.5.Advertisementsarenotbasedonthequalityofthegoods,butontheprin
201、ciplethatifonkeepstalkingaboutthesamethinglongenough,eventuallypeoplewillpayattentiontoit.6.Advertisingencouragesconsumersto“keepupwiththeJoneses,i.e.itcreatesanacquisitivesocietyandademandformaterialthings.7.Advertisementsareaninsidiousformofbrainwashing,usingthesametechniques,likeslogans,catch-phr
202、ases,etc.8.Advertisingisoffensive:itappealstobaserinstincts.9.Consumersareencouragedbytheadvertisementstobuyinsurance(fear);buycosmetics(vanity);andeatmorethannecessary(greed).10.Advertisementsareunsightly:billboardsspoilthecountryside.11.Advertisingcheapensthequalityoflife:mostadsareinpoortaste.12.
203、Advertisementsareimposeduponacaptiveaudience:e.g.ontelevision.13. Advertisements on TV are a nuisance: they interrupt television programmes at a shockingfrequenct.14.Bigcompaniesmakehugeprofitsoutofadvertising.15.Consumershavetopaymoreforthegoodsowingtotheadvertisingexpenses:highpricesaremaintainedb
204、ysuchartificialmeans.84Lesson 26Does DivorceRepresentSocial Progress? 85Arguments1.Divorceisaproductofcivilization.Sinceitisacontractbetweentwoequalpartiesbasedonlaw,itsdifferentfromdesertionintheolddays.2.Divorcerepresentssocialprogress,forthedivorcerateisoftenhigherindevelopedcountriesthanindevelo
205、pingcountries.3. The rising divorce rate is closely related to the Womens LiberationMovement, which encourages women to free thenselves from unhappymarriage.4. Divorce represents social progress, for its only possible when womenschancesodeducationandemploymentincrease.5.Thefactthatmanydivorcesareini
206、tiatedbywomenshowsthattheynolongerdependonmenpsychologicallyandeconomically.6.InfeudalChinesesocietywomenwereexpectedtosufferunhappymarriagesinsilence,andforthosewhocouldnot,suicidewastheonlywayout.7.Therisingdivorcerateisnotasignofmoralcorruption,fordivorceisafterallbetterthanamarriagewithoutlove.8
207、.Freedomoftherighttodivorcefreespeoplefromthebondageofunhappymarriagesandprovidesthemwithachancetofindjoyinanothermarriage.9.Divorcefreeschildrenofunhappymarriagesfrombeingtornbetweentheirparentsandgivesthemabetterchancetodeveloptheirpersonalities.86Counter-arguments1. Divorce represents social turm
208、oil rather than progress and creates manyproblems.2.Divorcehasincreaseddramaticallyinthe20thcenturyasitisacenturyfullofsocialupheavalsandtremendoussocialchanges.3.InChinadivorceoftenresultsfromlongseparationofacouplewhocandonothingtosolvetheirproblem.Divorceprovidesthemwitharighttoendtheirseparation
209、,butthisisonlytoreplaceonesocialproblemwithanother.4.ThedivorceratehasgoneupsharplyinChinainthe1980ssincetheopeninguptotheoutsideworld.Itofteninvolvesonepartythathasgoneabroad.5.SinceChinasopeninguptotheoursideworld,bourgeoisideashavefloodedintoourcountry. Manypeoplehaveextramaritalaffairs,whichofte
210、nleadtodivorce.6. Divorce results in broken families and leaves a shadow in the hearts ofchildren. These children often end up psychologically unbalanced and someevenbecomejuveniledelinquents.7.Divorceresultsfromalackofresponsibility,manypeopleonlywanttoenjoyhappinessofmarriage,butnomarriagecanlastl
211、ongifthecoupledonotwanttotakeanyresponsibilities.87Lesson 27Is the Prospectof Growing Olda Bleak One? 88Arguments1. The prospect of growing old is horrifying: poor, sick, lonely, dependent,waitingforthelastdaytocome.2.Evenhospitalsdontlikeoldpeople;theytrytokickthemout.3.Anursinghomeisnoplaceforoldp
212、eople.Therearentenoughnursestoattendtothepatientsneeds.4.Itisbeyondmanypeoplesmeanstokeepanoldandsickpersoninanursinghome.5.Oldandsickpeoplemaketheirfamilymemberssuffer.6.Thelongeroldpeoplelive,thelessthereistolookforwardto.7.Retirementistheendofoneslifetimedreams.8.Manyoldpeoplehavetoslaveawayforth
213、eiryoungsters.9. People, especially young people, tend to find old people, as a group,unattractive.10.Oldageseriouslyaffectsapersonsmentalabilities.Onebecomessenile,forgetfulandslow.11.Oldpeoplehavestrangelivinghabits:gettingupinthemiddleofthenight,eatingatirregularhours,etc.12.Retiredpeoplearemerel
214、yconsumers;theyareparasitesonthesociety.89Counter-arguments1.Whenoneisold,onedoesnthavemanyobligations,butenjoysmuchfreedom.Somepeoplelookforwardtoretirement.2. There is more opportunity to learn interesting thing: gardening, calligraphy, paiting, qigong,massage,foreignlanguages,etc.3.Peoplewhoreach
215、theageof65andmoreareluckybecausetheyarethestrongonesamongus.Theweakdieearly.4.MostretiredpeopleinChinahavelifesavingswhichcanhelpthemenjoylife.5.Retiredpeopledonothavetodothingstheyhate:e.g.attendinglonganduninterestingmeetings,doingboringwork,sittinginbusyoffices,etc.Theyhavemorefreedom.6. Retired
216、people can choose interesting jobs and work for the society instead of being mereconsumers.7.Olepeoplecanaffordtimetobeoutsidemore,doingphysicalexercises,havingfreshair,etc.Asaresult,theyenjoybetterhealth.8.Manyoldpeopleareabletolookafterthemselves.Theykeepregularhoursandeatsensibly.9.Peoplewhoarehe
217、althyinmiddleagetendtobehealthyinoldage.Itisnottruethatalltheoldaresick.10.Certainchangesdotakeplaceaspeoplegrowolder,butthishappensthroughoutlife.11.Peoplesmentalabilitiesarenotnecessarilyaffectedbyoldage.Themindsofmanyoldpeopleareveryalert.12.Oldpeopledontneedmuch;theyneedlessfood,lessfashionbalec
218、lothes,etc.Theyarenotaburdentosociety.13.Oldpeoplecanbeofhelptotheirchildreninmanyways.14.Oldpeoplemostlylovepeace.Manyarepeacemakers,goodforthesociety.90Lesson 28Are CarsDoing More HarmThan Good? 91Arguments1.Carsareevilsresultingfrommodernization,fortheymakepeoplesufferratherthanenjoylife.2.Theroa
219、dsareoftenjammedwithcarsthatambulancesandfireenginesfinditdifficulttofulfilltheirduties.3.Drivingacaroftenbringsoutamansworstqualities.Heswearsandbecomesill-manneredandaggressive.4.Peopleshiddenfrustrationsanddisappointmentsarebroughttothesurfacewhentheydrive.5.Roadnetworksforcarshavenotonlymadeciti
220、esuninhabitable,butalsodesecratedthecountryside.6.Townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks.7.Carsoftenproduceairpollutionandfillthecitieswithunbearablenoise.8.Carsarethecauseoftrafficaccidents.Allovertheworldthousandsuponthousandsofpeoplearekilledorinjuredeveryyear.9. Traffic accidents caused by cars not only
221、 bring death and injury, but also make people suffermentallyandpsychologically.10.Everyyearcarownershavetopayvastsumstotheexchequer:roadtax,purchasetax,oiltax,etc.Thisisabigdrainontheirresources.11.ToownaprivatecarinChinawillnotonlycostyouafurtune,butalsobringyouallkindsoftroubl:gettingalicenseplate
222、,keepingthemachineingoodrepair,findingaparkingplaceatnight,etc.12.SinceChinahassuchalargepopulation,thepopularizationofprivatecarswillonlybringaboutserioussocialproblems.13.IfeverybodyhadacarinChina,therewouldbenospaceontheroads.14.Carsshouldbedoneawaywith.Weshouldtrytofindasafermeansoftransportwhic
223、hwillbringjoyandcomfortratherthaninjuryanddeath.92Counter-arguments1.Motercarsarehighlydesirableforovviousreasons.Weshouldrecognizethisandadaptourselves.2.Motorcarsenablepeopletobecomemoremobile.Withoutcars,theworldwouldstillconsistofisolatedcommunities.3.Longdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantl
224、y.4.Chinabadlyneedsthepopularizationofcarsinitsconstructionofmodernization.5.Busesareoftencrowdedandslow,especiallyduringrush-hour.Iftherearemorecars,peoplecangetaroundmoreeasily.6.Ridingabicycleistiringanduncomfortableespeciallywhentheweatherisbad.Peoplearewellprotectedincars.7.Withthepopularizatio
225、nofcars,thesuburbswillbecomemoredeveloped,andthedowntownareawilllesscrowded.8.IftherearemorecarsinChinasruralareas,peoplecangettocitiesmoreeasily.Thegapbetweentownandcountrywillbecomesmaller.9.Possessingacargivesoneamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablinghimtomovearoundfreely.10.Theownerofacarisnotforc
226、edtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.11.Travellingbycarisverycomfortable.Thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheairconditioninginsummer.12.Carsandmotoristsarenottoblameforroadaccidents.Problemsliketoomanyroadsigns,faultytrafficlights,suddennarrowingofastreetandcongestedparkingaretherealcauseoftrafficaccidents.13.Onceaworld-widenetworkofmotorwaysisbuilt,peoplewillappreciateevenmoretheadvantagesofhavingcars.14. There must be universal adoption of multi-storey and underground car parks so that car-parks wontbecomeaproblem.9394
