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1、经典： 考研英语阅读必考题型模板分析Model 1 管理学类 题目序号题型归类第 1 题归纳推导题型第 2 题句间关系题型第 3 题审题定位题型第 4 题审题定位题型第 5 题段落结构题型The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making
2、 a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “ intuition ”to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and s
3、urprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others
4、 view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, m
5、anagers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into
6、an integrated picture, often in an “ Aha!”experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are
7、occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cogni
8、tive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “ thinking”is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “ know”what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain
9、later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close
10、 concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/ac
11、ting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. 1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to A speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem. B identify a problem. C bring together dispar
12、ate facts. D stipulate clear goals. 2. The text suggests which of the following about the “ writers on management ”mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2? A They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis. B They have not based their analyses on a sufficie
13、ntly large sample of actual managers. C They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do. D They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions. 3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most pr
14、obably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y , who uses only formal decision analysis? A Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not. B Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manage
15、r Y does not. C Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not. D Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not. 4. The text provides support for which of the following statements? A Managers who re
16、ly on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis. B Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions. C Managers intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills. D Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently. 精
17、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text? A An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given. B A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced. C The results of
18、 recent research are introduced and summarized. D Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated. 答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。此题题干中的“senior managers ”暗示此题的答案信息在第三段，因为第三段首句包含题干中的“senior managers ” 。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点，我们可推导出此题的正确选项是选项 D。此题选项 A、B、C 所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真
19、归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。2. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】 这是一道句间关系题。 题干已将此题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是此题答案信息的最主要来源，通过阅读和理解此句，我们可推导出此题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。3. 【答案】 C 【考点解析】此题是一道审题定位题。题干中的“who uses intuition to reach decisions ” 暗示此题的答案信息在第四段， 因为第四段首句含有和题干中 “who uses intuition to reach decisions”大致相同的“ the intuitive style o
20、f executive management ” 。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调“ act” 行动 ，可见此题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项 C。此题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位，然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。4. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】此题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出此题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨，并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句，并结合第三段的第四、五句，
21、就可以推导出此题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时，尤其是在迷失解题思路时，一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句，同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。5. 【答案】 B 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页【考点解析】此题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的“do not”和第二句句首的“rather”是破解此题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出此题的正确选项应该是 B。考生在解题时一定要注意表示否认的词语以及表示启承转合的词语，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。参考译文 大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式，即：首
22、先确定目标，然后估定问题，摆出各种可能性，估计成功率，再做决定，最后才付诸行动去实施。相反，在这些人的日常决策过程中，他们靠一种定义模糊的“直觉”应付大量相关问题， 这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清，自相矛盾， 奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择，而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说， 这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面，还有人认为它是反复无常的做法、性格的一个借口。Isenberg 最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。 高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直
23、觉。首先，他们直觉地感到有问题存在。 第二，依靠直觉，管理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意， 非理性的， 而是在多年实践磨练， 和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。第三，直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面，这经常表现为一声“ Aha”式的体验。第四，有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。 大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具，那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕，那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。最后，管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决方法。这么使用时， 直觉几乎是一个瞬间的
24、思维过程，这一模式为管理者所熟悉。这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是“思考”和行动不能分开。由于在这种方式中管理者在分析和解释问题之前就已经“明白”应该怎么去做，他们经常是先行动，后解释。在思考行动的循环中，分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况，而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行。由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况，他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。 他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分，而不只是解决问题的步骤。Model 2 历史学类 题目序号题型归类第 1 题审题定位题型第 2 题细节理解题型
25、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页第 3 题归纳推导题型第 4 题细节理解题型第 5 题审题定位题型Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the
26、organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a “ natural spillover” . A
27、lthough at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flo
28、urish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group ca
29、me as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America
30、. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730 s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part
31、of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, w
32、here the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to app
33、ly his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treat
34、ed as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculia
35、rly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text? A A
36、larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land. B Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans. C Migrants to colonial North Am
37、erica were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century. D By the 1730 s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers. 2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed t
38、o A give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England. B describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States. C take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to
39、colonial North America specifically to acquire land. D relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States. 3. Which of the following best summarizes the author s evaluation of Bailyn s fourth proposition? A It is totally implausibl
40、e. B It is partially acceptable. C It is highly admirable. D It is controversial though persuasive. 4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? A High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of En
41、gland. B The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians. C The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own. D The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New Engla
42、nd. 5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn s work? A Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. B Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
43、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页Britain. C Bailyn s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect. D Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America. 答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中的“migrants”一词暗示此题的
44、答案信息在第一段或第三段，因为这两段的首句都含有“migrants”一词。又根据题干中的“ supported ”一词，我们可以推断出此题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段，因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来“支持”supported 自己的观点。通过仔细阅读和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力，更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义。2. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题。题干中的“failed”一词暗示此题的答案信息应该在尾段，因为尾段中含有“fails”一词。根据阅读和理解首段尾句，我们可以推导出此题的正
45、确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义。3. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】此题是一道归纳推导题。此题题干中的“Bailyn s fourth proposition”将此题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段。通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话，尤其是第二、三句话和四、五句话，我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容，更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系。4. 【答案】 A 【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的“culture”一词暗示此题的答案信息来源在第四段，因为第四段首句包含“culture”一词。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，
46、尤其是第四句，我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应该是 A。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义，以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式。5. 【答案】 A 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干并没有明确指出此题答案信息在原文中的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。此题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，这是一个由转折词“however”引导的句子。通过仔细阅读理解本句，我们可以推导出此题的正确选项是 A。考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语，因为这精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 1
47、5 页往往是出题的重点。参考译文 Bernard Bailyn 最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史。 在他的重新解释中， 迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据。其主张可分为四个独立的观点。第一点断言，近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动，因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种“自然外流” 。虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力他们宁愿留在本土。到18 世纪时，移往美洲的人数却增加了，因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方。第二，Bailyn 认为，和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反， 从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会，例如，早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就
48、很不相同。Bailyn 的第三个观点是，成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型：一组是签约的仆人，另一组是为土地而来。令人惊异的是：Bailyn 认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力。这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性。起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召，然而到了18 世纪 30 年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。第四， Bailyn 提出，殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地。在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn 这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bai
49、lyn 所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。但是如何看待17 世纪的新英格兰呢？移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律，创建了著名的大学， 出版了书籍。Bailyn 可能会说，新英格兰是个特例。不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。尽管 Bailyn 不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。他的书中有证据说明， 我们本来可以建立这样一种联系。 在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里， 这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶。毫不奇怪，一旦他们服役期满，就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部，通过获得土地来保障个人独立。 因此，一种特殊的美国政治文化开
50、始于西部，那些疑心权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中。Model 3 历史学 题目序号题型归类第 1 题例举证题型第 2 题细节推导题型第 3 题细节推导题型第 4 题写作手法题型第 5 题审题定位与关键词理解题型Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 15 页goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century E
51、ngland. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions re
52、main: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries? An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades
53、thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With
54、regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people
55、in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively un
56、censored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “ middling sort”bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this e
57、xplanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition. Finally, what were the consequences
58、of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is
59、perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-cent
60、ury England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world. 1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to A contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England. B indicate the inadequacy
61、 of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 15 页English history. C give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England. D support the contention that key questions about
62、 eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered. 2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2? A A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of lux
63、ury goods. B A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author. C A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play. D A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery. 3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people
64、 in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism? A Enthusiasm. B Curiosity. C Ambivalence. D Hostility. 4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with A contrasting two theses and offering a compromise. B questioning two explanations a
65、nd proposing a possible alternative to them. C paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions. D examining two theories and endorsing one over the other. 5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are A dissimilar in
66、 the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes. B dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services. C dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development. D similar in their strong demand
67、for a variety of goods and services. 答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 C 【考点解析】此题是一道例举证题型。根据题干中的“McKendrick and Plumb”可将此题的答案信息来源迅速确定在首段的第二、三句。由于这两精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 15 页句话和首段第一句之间存在例举证的关系，故针对首段第一句进行认真理解。通过综合分析和归纳这三句话，可得出含有“examples ”的选项 C 是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要善于识别题型，这一点的基础是要学会识别句子之间的关系。2
68、. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的信息以将此题的答案信息来源确定在第二段的三、 四行。即第二段第二句的主句， 该句中的“only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers ”暗示此题的答案是选项 B。考生在解题时一定要学会识别原文和选项中同义词的替换。3. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】此题是一道细节推导题。通过题干中的“Thompson”一词可迅速将此题的正确选项确定在第二段的尾句。从第二段尾句的前半部分即分号前面的部分我们不难推导出此题正确选项是D。原文中的“ oppositio
69、n”一词十分重要。考生在解题时要善于从原文的外表归纳出深刻的思想。4. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题型。旨在考察考生的语言基本功。此题考察考生对于段落写作结构的认识。本文第三段的第一、二句是对某一个问题的一种解释。本文第三段的第三、四、五句是对同一个问题的另一种解释，本文作者对这两种解释提出了质疑。本文第三段的第六、七句是作者本人针对前面两个解释所提出的另外一种解释。可见此题的正确选项是B。考生在解题时一定要重视文章或段落的写作结构。5. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】此题是一道审题定位与关键词理解题。通过题干中的“the contemporary world of the tex
70、t readers ”可将此题的答案信息迅速确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“ our own world”等于“ the contemporary world of the text readers ” 。尾段最后一行中的“ foreshadows ” 预示；是的预兆一词暗示此题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位能力，并且对于原文中的关键词要有入目三分的理解。参考译文 直到最近，史学家们才发现在十八世纪的英国，对豪华奢侈商品和服务的需求出现增长的现象。 麦克德瑞克研究了韦奇伍德公司在营销豪华陶制品方面的极大成功；而普拉姆也著文论述了地方剧院、音乐节目以及儿童玩具和书籍激增的情形。尽管这场消
71、费者革命的事实几乎毋庸置疑，但仍有三个关键的问题尚待解决： 消费者是些什么人？他们的动机是什么？以及这种对奢侈品的新需求的社会影响是什么？关于第一问题的答案是很难获得的。尽管它可能从制造商和服务行业认为消费者想要什么而实际制造的商品和提供的服务中推知，但只有对实际消费者的相精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 15 页关私人资料的研究才能提供一种“谁想要什么” 的精确状况。 我们仍然需要知道这种消费市场到底有多大， 以及消费者对奢侈商品的需求向下渗透到社会的什么层次。对最后一个问题而言，我们应当注意到，在过去，汤姆逊虽然正确
72、恢复了劳动人民在十八世纪英国历史舞台上的地位，但整体而言可能夸大了他们对资本主义消费方式侵蚀的抵抗情绪。 例如，十八世纪英国的劳动人民迅速从家酿的啤酒转而饮用由那些大规模、高度资本化的城市酿酒厂生产的标准化啤酒。为了答复消费者为什么变得那么急于购物这一问题，一些史学家指出，这是因为制造商们可以在无需审查的报刊上刊登广告。然而，这似乎并不是个理由充分的答案。麦克德瑞克赞成维布伦模型， 即由社会地位的竞争而引起的一种引人注目的消费。“中产阶级”购买优质商品和服务，是因为他们想追随由富人建立的消费时尚。 我们可能再次疑心这种解释是否充足。难道人们喜爱购物不是一种自我满足的形式吗？如果是这样， 那么上
73、述消费主义可以被看做是一种个人主义和物质主义新兴概念的产物，而不一定是疯狂进行引人注目的竞争的结果。最后，这种消费者对奢侈品的需求所导致的后果又是什么呢？麦克德瑞克声称，这将极为有助于解释工业革命的到来。但事实果真如此吗？例如， 高质量的陶制品和玩具与钢铁制造和纺织工厂的发展有什么关系呢？即使没有重工业的存在，消费社会在心理上和现实上都是完全可能存在的。然而，对这些关键问题的进一步探究毫无疑问是需要的，而且不应当减弱近期研究所得结论的说服力： 十八世纪英国对那些有用和琐碎商品及服务的不知足的需求预示了我们目前的这个世界的特征。Model 4 物理学类 题目序号题型归类第 1 题中心主旨题型第
74、2 题段落关系题型第 3 题审题定位题型第 4 题句间关系与反推题型第 5 题审题定位题型One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by
75、 gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively charged). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they
76、stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres. Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framewor
77、k of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 15 页regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by electrons. Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were
78、simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannot be “ pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities
79、, perhaps changing places with them. The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they a
80、re closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “ delocalize” : they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass th
81、rough the spaces within the framework of positive ions. By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economic
82、ally useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could a
83、lso make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decompose through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability. 1. The text is primarily concerned with discussing A a way to iso
84、late electrons. B the characteristics of a new kind of crystal. C the structure of an ionic salt. D commercial uses for electrides. 2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with A introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory. B describing how chlorine atoms can become nega
85、tively charged. C describing some early research at Michigan State University. D providing background for the technical discussion to follow. 3. According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following? A Its positive are of particularly low mass. B Its ions posse
86、ss identical electrical charges. C It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 15 页D Its negative ions consist solely of electrons. 4. It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “ simple charged spheres ”(line 2, paragraph 3)
87、 could be expected to A readily lose electrons and become positively charged. B move freely in and out of their cavities. C respond to photons by liberating electrons. D remain fixed relative to their cations. 5. With which of the following statements regarding electrides would the author most likel
88、y agree? A They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value. B Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain. C They are interesting but of no practical value. D They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications. 答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】 此题是一道中心主旨题。 本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一
89、句，如果抓住了这句话并且联系每段的中心主旨句，就可得出此题的正确选项B。其实本文第二段就是在讲一种新的晶体的与众不同的“characteristics ” 特点 。考生在解题时一定要首先找出全文的中心主旨句，并与上下文联系。2. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道段落关系题。从第二段到尾段是本文作者阐述其中心思想的段落。在展开中心思想之前，作者为中心思想的展开进行了铺垫讲述一般晶体的特点，从而为第二段到尾段的陈述讲述一种新晶体的特点提供明确的比照。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的关系。3. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中没有给出明确的审题定位信息。破解此题需要考生平时的阅
90、读积累，这是一道较难的题目。题干中所涉及的是“the defining characteristic of an electride ” 电子晶体的特点。在第二段作者第一次在文章中谈到了“electride” ，所以其特点也应该在第二段向读者交待，故此题的答案信息来源应该在第二段。综合第二段第二、三句的内容可推导出此题的正确选项D。考生在解题时一定要具备出色的审题定位能力。4. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】此题是一道句间关系与反推题。题干中的信息以将此题的答案信息确定在第三段。根据第三段所陈述的内容进行反推可得出此题的正确选项 D。在进行反推时一定要注意第一句中的“do not behave a
91、s if ”以及第二句中的“cannot be pinned down ”所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要具备反推精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 15 页即逆向推理的能力。5. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。此题的题干没有提供任何审题定位的信息。但是善于阅读的考生应该知道每篇文章尾段的重要性。在此题到来之前本文的尾段还没有涉及任何一道题，故考生应该首先从尾段中寻找此题的答案信息。尾段的第二句第四句说明新的晶体在商业方面的可利用性；尾段的第五句说明这种新的晶体的不足之处。可见此题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解
92、题时一定要对文章结构以及出题点有所认识，最好对全文有整体的把握。参考译文 在各种最简单和最常见的晶体中，离子盐是其中一例，它典型的实例就是氯化钠，或普通的食盐。 离子盐的基本组成成份便是离子，也就是那些由于得到或失去一个或多个电子而带有电荷的原子或分子。例如，在形成氯化钠的过程中，钠原子释放一个电子 从而带有正电荷 而氯电子得到一个电子 从而带有负电荷 。这些离子由于带有相反的电荷而相互吸引，它们紧密地堆砌在一起就象紧密挤压在一起的球体。最近，密西根州立大学的科学家们研制出一种新的被称为电子晶体的晶体。在电子晶体中，阴离子即带负电荷的离子全部被电子替代，这些电子被困在自然形成的空穴中， 而空穴
93、位于规则堆砌的阳离子即带正电荷的离子 的框架内。电子晶体是第一种阴离子空间全被电子占据的离子盐。和其它类型的阴离子不同，作为阴离子的电子不像那些简单的带电球体。特别地，由于它们的质量很小而且有与远距离的离子进行相互作用的倾向，它们不会被固定在任何一个位置。 相反，它们会到处游离， 或者紧靠那些在空穴边上的原子，或者在这些原子之间游离， 并且还和附近空中的电子发生相互作用，甚至于可能与它们交换位置。电子晶体的特征很大程度上依赖于空穴间的距离，而这些空穴便是容纳被捕获电子的地方。 当这些被捕获的电子相距很远时，它们之间的相互作用不强， 因而在某种程度上表现为一组相互孤立的负电荷。但当它们间的距离很
94、近时， 它们便表现出一些特征来， 很像大量相同离子的集合。 当它们间的距离更近时， 群体集合属性更占主导地位，而且电子也出现“离位”现象：它们不再被束缚于单个的空穴之上，而是或多或少地可以在正离子的构架之间穿越。通过从不同的材料来合成电子晶体，科学家们可以改变阴离子空穴的几何结构，以及改变它们同周围阴离子之间的关系。这些随之而来的特征使得电子晶体可能成为经济实用的新材料和新设备的基础。例如，由于在某些电子晶体中， 电子结合得非常微弱， 从而使得这些晶体可以有效地用作光敏探测器。在这种探测器中，一束光子可以释放一个电子，从而形成一股小电流。 这种结合微弱的特性同样可使电子晶体对太阳能转换器和电池的阴极很有用。可电子晶体的一个缺陷在于它易于与空气和水发生反应而分解。目前，研究人员正设法寻找提高电子晶体稳定性的方法。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 15 页
