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1、代词的分类代词通常可分为以下八类：1） 人称代词（I, you, he , we等）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语Who is there? Its me.如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语）Lets
2、 clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语）These letters are his.（表语）3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思4）相互代词（ea
3、ch other, one another）5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose，whom等）8）不定代词 some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, anot
4、her, much ,one初中英语非谓语动词的用法 非谓语动词：在句子不作谓语使用的动词，其形式有不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词四种（通常我们把现在分词和动名词统称为-ing分词）。非谓语动词短语：非谓语动词仍保留动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语、表语或状语，我们将非谓语动词和其宾语、表语或状语一起称作非谓语动词短语。一、下列情况必须用-ing分词1、在下列动词（短语）之后作宾语或宾补时； Consider , dislike , enjoy , feel like , finish , imagine , give up , mind , cant help , cant stand ,
5、suggest , understand , be busy , have fun , have difficulty （trouble）, keep , spend , waste , have a hard time , look forward to , be use to(习惯) ，prefer ( doing ) to ( doing ) 等。e.g When she heard the news, she couldnt help crying. I found a boy playing in the corner.2、在介词之后作宾语时；e.g Lucy is good at
6、swimming.3、作句子主语位于句首时；e.g Exercising every day is good for your health.4. 位于限定词后作名词使用时；e.g This is the beginning of the garden tour.5、在“go + -ing形式（运动名称）”和“ do some + -ing形式”这类固定短语中。e.g We will go fishing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. She did some shopping last Sunday.6. ing分词前逻辑主语的使用：有时我们需要在-ing分词前加上
7、其动作的发出者（逻辑主语），其动作的发出者用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词表示。e.gWould you mind my smoking here?二、下列情况必须使用不带to的不定式1、位于情态动词后同情态动词一起作谓语时；e.g You should see a dentist if you have got a toothache.2、位于would rather , had better , why (not)之后的不定式；e.gYou had better stay here until the police come. Why not go to the movie with us?
8、3、位于感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式（注：help之后作宾补的不定式可以带to也可不带to）；e.g I often hear her sing English songs in the next room.The boss made them work over 12 hours a day./ She often helps her mother (to) do the housework.4、两个不定式由and , or , except , but 或 than连接在一起时，第二个不定式常常不带to。e.g Id like to lie down and have a good
9、rest.三、-ing分词还是不定式：1、动词like后，使用不定式主要说明一次性的动作，使用-ing分词主要说明存在的状况。e.gI like playing soccer, but I dont like to play it this afternoon.2、begin和start之后，-ing分词和不定式都可使用，但如果begin/start自身为-ing分词时，之后通常用不定式。e.gHe began to do/doing his homework after dinner.Im starting to cook dinner very soon.3、stop、remember、f
10、orget和go on之后的非谓语动词形式的判定，主要应考虑非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词动作前是否已发生：如动作发生在谓语动词的动作前，用-ing形式；如动作发生在谓语动词的动作后，用不定式。e.gThe teacher is coming, please stop talking.On her way home, she stopped to buy some food for supper.Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave.He did his homework again. He forgot doing it yesterd
11、ay.4、need之后的非谓语动词形式，主要考虑句子的主语同非谓语动词的关系：如句子主语为非谓语动词的逻辑主语，用不定式；如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑宾语，用-ing形式。e.gWe need to water the flowers this afternoon.The flowers need watering this afternoon.5. 感官动词后的非谓语动词形式的判定，主要应考虑是说明整个动作（不带to的不定式），还是说明正在做某事（-ing形式）。主要有下面几种情况：四、-ing分词还是过去分词：1. 表伴随的插入语中的非谓语动词形式的判定，主要应考虑句子的主语同非谓语动词
12、的关系：如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑主语，用-ing形式；如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑宾语，用过去分词。e.gWhen asked where she was from, she couldnt help crying.Taking some papers in his hand, Mr. Smith hurried into the classroom.2. call和name位于名词后，其后带上人名、书名等词语时，用过去分词。e.gDo you know the boy named Jack Black?Yesterday we saw an action movie called H
13、eroes.3. there be句中位于名词后的非谓语动词，如名词相当于动作发出者（主动式），非谓语动词用-ing分词，如名词为动作承受者（被动式），非谓语动词用过去分词。e.g Listen! There is someone crying for help. There is little time left. Lets hurry up.五、不定式的用法（非上述四种情况时，非谓语动词一般都使用带to的不定式）：1不定式的否定形式：在不定式的小品词to前加否定词not。e.gThe policeman told the boys not to play soccer in the str
14、eet.2. 先行词it的使用：当不定式做句子的主语时或做句子的宾语其后带有宾补时，为保持句子结构的平衡，通常将不定式放在句子末尾，而在原主语或宾语的位置上加上先行词it。 e.gIt is necessary for us to read English every morning.I found it necessary for us students to read English every morning.3. “wh-词+不定式”的用法：wh-词（特殊凝问词）同不定式连用相当于一个wh-词所引导的一个宾语从句，使用时应注意以下原则：如wh-词为凝问代词（what、which、who
15、、whom或whose）时，不定式动词应为及物动词，但不带宾语（wh-词相当于不定式动词的宾语），如不定式动词为不及物动词，应带上适当的介词。 e.gThere were too many things on sale. I didnt know what to buy.I really dont know what to talk about at the meeting.如wh-词为凝问副词（how、when、where等）时，不定式短语中不能再出现表示相同关系的词语；另：如不定式动词为及物动词时，其后必须带上宾语。 e.gI dont know how to do it.如wh-词为连词whether时，不定式短语中应有表示选择的部分，否则不定式短语应用or not结尾。 e.gHe wants to know whether to go to a movie or stay at home.一般情况下，我们应记住三个短语：what to do、how to do it和which to choose。 4. 不定式的逻辑主语：不定式动词仍保留动词的特性，也有自己的主语（不定式动作的发出者），我们将不定式动作的发出者称为不定式的逻辑主语。
