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1、房建行业的塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机，亦称塔吊，起源于西欧。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者，在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为：走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转，安装在整块混凝土基础上，或装设在条形式X形混凝土基础上。在房屋
2、的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时，载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂较长，但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时，变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式平稳，但其自重较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置，如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 以下分几个方面来具体介绍房建中常用的塔机。 (一)、塔机的金属结构 塔机的金属结构由起重臂、塔身、转台、承座、平衡臂、底架、塔尖等组成。起重臂构造
3、型式为小车变幅水平臂架，再往下分又有单吊点、双吊点和起重臂与平衡臂连成一体的锤头式小车变幅水平臂架。单吊点是静定结构，双吊点是超静定结构。锤头式小车变幅水平臂架，装设于塔身顶部，状若锤头，塔身如锤柄，不设塔尖，故又叫平头式。平头式的使结构形式更简单，更有利于受力，减轻自重，简化构造等优点。小车变幅臂架大都采用正三角形的截面。 (二)、塔机的零部件 每台塔机都要用许多种起重零部件，其中数量最大，技术要求严而规格繁杂的是钢丝绳。塔机用的钢丝绳按功能不同有：起升钢丝绳，变幅钢丝绳，臂架拉绳，平衡臂拉绳，小车牵引绳等。钢丝绳的特点是：整根的强度高，而且整根断面一样大小，强度一致，自重轻，能承受震动荷载
4、，弹性大，能卷绕成盘，能在高速下平衡运动，并且无噪声，磨损后其外皮会产生许多毛刺，易于发现并便于及时处置。 (三)、塔机的工作机构 塔机的工作机构有五种：起升机构、变幅机构、小车牵引机构、回转机构和大车走行机构(行走式的塔机)。 (四)、塔机的电气设备 塔机的主要电气设备包括：电缆卷筒-中央集电环;电动机;操作电动机用的电器，如：控制器、主令控制器、接触器和继电器。保护电器，如：自动熔断器，过电流继电器和限位开关等。主副回路中的控制、切换电器，如：按钮、开关和仪表等。属于辅助电气设备的有：照明灯、信号灯、电铃等。 (五)、塔机的液压系统 塔机液压系统中的主要元器件是液压泵、液压油缸、控制元件、
5、油管和管接头、油箱和液压油滤清器等。液压泵和液压马达是液压系统中最为复杂的部分，液压泵把油吸入并通过管道输送给液压缸或液压马达，从而使液压缸或马达得以进行正常运作。液压泵可以看成是液压和心脏，是液压的能量来源。(六)、塔机的安全装置 安全装置是塔机必不可少的关键设备之一，可以分为：限位开关(限位器);超负荷保险器(超载断电装置);缓冲止挡装置;钢丝绳防脱装置;风速计;紧急安全开关;安全保护音响信号。限位开关按功能有：吊钩行程限位开关，回转限位开关，小车行程限位开关，大车行程限位开关。 (七)、塔机的防倾翻规定 严禁超载运行;不得斜牵重物;不许猛然急制动;禁止在大风中运行吊运作业;工作班后，必须
6、把夹轨器夹紧，以防大风将塔机吹动溜出轨道。 (八)、自升式塔机的附着锚固 当自升式塔机在达到其自由高度继续向上顶升接高时，为了增强其稳定系数保持起重能力，必须通过锚固附着于建筑结构上。附着层次与施工层建筑总高度、塔机和塔身结构、塔身自由高度有关。Tower Crane Boommounted on the upper part of the rotation of the tall tower crane. Operating a large space, mainly used for housing construction materials in the vertical and ho
7、rizontal transportation and installation of building components. From the metal structure, working bodies and the electrical system consists of three parts. Metal structure including the tower moving arms and base and so on. The work of organizations including lifting, luffing, slewing and walking f
8、our parts. Electrical systems including motors, controllers, power distribution cabinets, connection lines, signals and lighting devices. Short tower crane tower crane, also known as tower crane, originated in Western Europe. Device characteristics and safety devices Tower crane boom and struts form
9、 of sub-horizontal type two kinds. For the horizontal boom, the load car runs along the level luffing boom, luffing movement balance, its long boom, but the greater weight boom. Boom for the strut-type when the tractor boom luffing mechanism Pitch amplitude, amplitude motion than horizontal steady,
10、but its relatively small weight. In order to ensure the safety of tower crane has a good safety device, such as starting weight, range, height and load torque constraints such devices, as well as the travel limit switches, tower lights, wind instrument, wind clip-rail device, Ladders and athletic su
11、pporter circle, walkways and railings. Drivers cab demand for comfort, easy operation, good vision and good communications equipment. Used tower crane following specific description in several aspects of the tower crane used room Jianzhong. (1)the tower crane metal structure metal structure is compo
12、sed of tower crane boom, tower, turret, bearings, balance arm, chassis, composed of apex. Construction boom level luffing jib type of car, and then have a single hanging point down the minutes, double-hanging point and the lifting arm and balance arm fused hammerhead-type level luffing jib car. Sing
13、le hanging point is statically determinate structure, twin-lift point is statically indeterminate structure. Hammerhead-type trolley level luffing jib installed at the tower top Zhuangruo hammer, shaft, such as hammer handle, no spire, it is also known as flat head style. Flat-style of making struct
14、ure simpler and more conducive to the force, to reduce weight and simplify construction and so on. Most used car luffing jib equilateral triangle cross-section. (2)the tower crane spare parts Each tower crane must be used in many kinds of lifting parts, of which the largest number of technical requi
15、rements are strict and complicated rope specifications. Tower crane wire rope used in accordance with different functions are: lifting wire rope, rope luffing, jib ropes, balance the arm ropes, trolleys and other traction rope. Steel wire rope is characterized by: the entire root, high strength, but
16、 also the whole root sections, the size of the same intensity, light weight, able to withstand shock loads, flexible enough to winding into a disk, can be balanced at high speed movement, and no noise, wear and tear After the skin will produce a number of glitches, easy to detect and facilitate the timely disposal. (3)the tower crane working body The tower cra
