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1、UnitSevenTimeandSpaceAcrossCulturesWarmUp1.Pleasereadthestoryonpage156.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?2. GotoanswerthequestionsonGroupWork(p235-236)andfindoutyoursenseoftime?Supplement:AdditionalmaterialsChronemicsChronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.(i) Thesenseoftime:1)Timeislinear线形.West
2、ernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.2)Timeiscyclical周期的.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflow潮涨潮落ofthetides.1. Monochronic出现一次andPolychronicTime(p256-257)WhatisM-TimeandP-Time?Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture?1)Monoch
3、ronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatimeeventsscheduledasseparateitems.2)Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.2.Whatisthephilosophy哲学underlyingeachofthetimesystem?1)P-timestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletion完成oftransactions事务ratherthanadhereneeto遵守presentschedu
4、les.Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand,asaeonsequenee,arefrequentlybroken.P-timeistreatedaslesstangible有形地thanM-time.Weakness:Mattersinapolychromic多彩的cultureseeminaconstantstate恒定常态offlux.Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken.2)InM-timesystem,socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyschedule-dominated.Byscheduli
5、ng,wecompartmentalize划分;thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateon集中注意onethingatatime,butitalsoreducesthecontext.M-timeisalsotangible.M-timeschedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife.Weakness:Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable.M-timereducesthecontextandalienate使疏远peoplefromthemselvesandfromother
6、s.TheHeartbeatofCulture(p229-232)1.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperieneeinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno?InBrazil,peopleseemtobeveryflexibleintheirconceptsoftimeandpunctuality.Braziliansarelikelytoattributelatenessforappointmentstounforeseencircumstances意外
7、情况thatthepersoncouldncontrol.Theyseemlessinclinedto倾向于feelpersonallyresponsibleforbeinglate.Sotheyexpresslessregretfortheirownlatenessandblameotherslesswhenothersarelate.TheBrazilianstudentsbelievedthatapersonwhoisconsistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime.Theyseemedtoacc
8、epttheideathatsomeoneofstatusisexpectedtoarrivelate.Lackofpunctualityisabadge标i己ofsuccess.2. Therearenunanimous全体一致perceptionsoftime时间知觉amongculturallydifferentpeople.Evenwithinonecountry,ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace.Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinetrhyth
9、msandrules.3. Appreciatingculturaldifferencesintimesensebecomesincreasinglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact.Ifwearetoavoidmisreadingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions,weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiases偏见andthoseofothers.探AmericanConceptofTime:(SeeCase25)Proxe
10、mics人际距离学AfascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodyIanguageisthatofspatialrelationships空间关系,orproxemics,thestudyofmansappreciationanduseofspace.Asaspecies,manishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareofituniessourspaceissomehowviolated.Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinflueneeourdaily
11、encounters.Maintainingeontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfaetion;observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness.(i)Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspacefixedfeaturesofspaceFixedfeaturesp
12、aceischaracterizedbyunmovableboundaries,likedivisionswithinanofficebuilding.Architectureandspacingofbuildingsalsobelongtothisaspectofspace.Forexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings民居.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.Intercult
13、uralcommunicatorsneedtorealizethatcultureshavealternativeapproaches变换方法tospaceandwaysofusingit.semifixed半固定featuresofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.1. furniturearrangement:FrenchspaceisareflectionofFrenchculture
14、.Everythingiscentralized集中的,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchically分等级的inthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy,fen
15、gshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.2.seatingIntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperieneeuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsiton
16、oppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.personalspaceorprivatespace(p239-241)1.Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessages;theyalsoestablishacomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace.Researchsupportsthehypothesis假设thattheviolation违反侵害ofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousadverseeffects不利影响oncommunication.Thus,ifanindividualistobemutually
