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1、从句艮険温1關龍S髓和BIMIttM句很卩状语从句）。 引导从句的词称作关联句。-名词性从句引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从J连词:that, if, whether;mew：who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose;连接RIM where, when, why, how0其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代 词和连接副词既起连接作用，在从句中又充当一定的成分.不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen m
2、ade us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if均为是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能 被if取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有”or notWhether he will come is not clear.The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party.I dont know if he will a社end the meeting.1. 砂有主语从句的复合
3、句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语, 而将員E的主语从句置于句末That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词， 而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.彳艮了青楚， 整个 计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。Its well-known that water is indispensable to life.（形式主语）用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + b
4、e 4形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that.有必要It is important that.重要的是It is obvious that.很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词* that-从句It is believed that. A们相信It is known to all that.从所周知It has been decided that. 已决定cIt + be h名词+ that-从句It is comm on kno wledge that是常识It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是It is a fact that.事实是d.
5、 It 4不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that.我突然想起2. 为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语 的情况下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否”解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用，而if木可以。I dont know whether (if
6、) she is at home.Whether she comes or not makes no differenee.4. that和what引导省词性从句的区别:that在从句电不充当成分，而what住从百审天当一疋的成分如圭语、裂语、宾语等。that what 则不可省。He always means what he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在下列名词后面，如fact,idea, opinion, news, hope, belief 等,that 不可省。同位语从句一般用
7、来解释険明这些名词的員体含义和内容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraginq.二形”缺句引导定语从句的关联词包括：(1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;关素副询:when, where, whyo矣系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,关系代词在句 中充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受 下列条件的
8、制约：先行词是指人还是指物；材关系彳弋词在从句中的荀法功能； 关系代词的选用情况见下表：指人指物who whichthatwhom whichthatwhose whose(of which)先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性定语从句只用于限 定桂定语从句指人或指物主语宾语定语I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says.The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesyL貌)。The watch which (that) was lost has b
9、een found.Here is the meterial which (that) you need.Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.关系副词的选闻相对来说较简单。如先彳羯为表示时间的名词，如time, day等，则用when;如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等，则用where;如先行词为reason,则用why。Ill never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.I dont know t
10、he reason why (for which) he did that.1-当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时;或先行词前有 first,last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等修饰时;或先行词前有形 容词最高级修时，一般只甬that而不甬which菜咅导定语从旬。Ive explained everything (that) I can to you.This is the most beautiful compus (that) Ive ever been to.2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限
11、定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，为句中不可缺少的部茶 如去掉，主句意思不完 整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。 在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开。非限定性定语从句 般不用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。His speech, which bored every one, went on and on.The genera/s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等,as在
12、从句中一般只充当主语。 whicli与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于:whic只能置于句中或句 茂帚as的位置龙發灵恙可置手*、旬耒,文可置于旬音。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十项全能)at that Olympic Games.4.
13、关钦词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于矛系代谊刖，般只甬介词+which或介词+whom,而术角介询+that柔it匕导 定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that代替which或whom, 且that这时可省去。This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today. 区分关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及 物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代
14、词；而不及物动词则要求用 关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也 能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museumyou visited a few days age?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 2. Is this the museumthe exhibiti
15、on was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D,例2 A三.句在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义，状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状语 从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。状语从可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前,一般用逗号将其与主 句隔开。(_)时间状语从句When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.Until we learn the facts, we cant do anything about it.tSzjx1 when, as, while引导时间状语从句时者阿以表示主句的动作与从句的 动作同时发生，即同时性。它们的区别在于：when和as弓I导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延 续性的，即瞬时性的；whHeJ I导的灰语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。、当圭句箱从尙申的劫祚均为庭纟窦劫作时，一般甬while,市不用when或 as。
