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1、英语词性的种类及功能:序号中文名称英文名称缩写词形特征功能例1名词nounn.-er, -or-ism-ist-ment-tion-ness主，宾，表，定，补，同位语Jane bought a book. I am a bank clerk.We call him Jack. Jim, my friend is here.2动词不及物动词intransitive verbvi.-ate-ify-ise/-ize谓语The moon rose.及物动词transitive verbvt.谓语Jane bougt a book3代词pronounpro n.主，宾，表，定I like him.It
2、s me.This is my room.4冠词articleart.与名词搭配This is the shop I mentic5副词adverbadv.-ly状This pen writes smooth6形容词adjectiveadj.-able/-ible-al-ful-ic-ive-less-ous表，定I am very happy. It is a nice day.7连词conjunctionconj.连接平行的词（组）I saw Tom and Jim the c8介词prepositionprep.与名词、代词搭配in front of, at home9数词numeral
3、num.主， 宾， 表，定Twenty is enough. Ten students stay here.Im nine.I read seven （books）.10感叹词interjection表示强调、吃惊等Oh, my God.一、句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语 和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二、句子成分中词性的运用（一）能作主语的词性：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代
4、词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American com孙 music has become more and more popular.（名 词） We often speak English in class.（代词）One-thirdof the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smokng does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help
5、 the poor.（名词化的形容词）盹 are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary tomaster a foreign language, （it 作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式）二）谓语动词：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，固只能用动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语 之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You
6、ma步 keep the book for two weeks. Hehs caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（
7、形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby （爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（畐U词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（四）能作宾语的词性：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面
8、。例如:They went to see an exhibition （展览）yesterday.（名 词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动 名词
9、短语）I think （that） he is ft for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They electedhim their monitor.（五）能作宾语补足语的词性：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能 使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、 形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named h
10、imDongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in （畐I词）You mustnt force toilend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（六）能作定语的词性：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以
11、下等成分表示:Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first_to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term
12、 has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（七）能作状语的词性：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten、ears.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination （不定式短语）He
13、 is in the roomdel plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名 词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there f it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs
14、 into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句： Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句： How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个
