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1、虚拟语气在英语文法中有三种语气,即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)与虚拟语气(Subjective Mood),其中前两种我们早已熟悉了,这里则不多谈了,如: How beautiful she is! 则就是直述式语气,而Hurry up! Dont hurry up 则就是祈使语气。我们主要来瞧瞧虚拟语气得主要用法。虚拟语气主要就是用来表达一种无法实现得愿望,一种与事实相反得情况,或者将不可能实现得,或可能性很小得事实,假想为事实予以表述。这样得动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式,即与现在事实相反得假设,与过去事实相反得假设,与
2、将来事实相反得假设。它们具体结构如表。虚拟语气得构成种类条 件 句 结构主 句 结 构与现在事实相反动词用过去式be 动词用 wereShould/could动词原形would/might动词原形与过去事实相反得用had过去分词Should/couldhave过去分词would/mighthave过去分词与将来事实相反动词用过去式were to 加动词原形should 加动词原形should动词原形would动词原形虚拟语气其她习惯用法简表种类功用句型例句虚拟语气表示主观愿望主句谓语宾语从句谓语动词I wish we could go to the seaside today、wish现在过去
3、式过去had+过去分词I wish I had gone to the basketball match、将来should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形I wished I could fly to the moon、I wish you would stay here a little longer、would rather现在过去式I would rather you came to my party tomorrow、表示虚拟比较或方式状语从句从句动词形式She looked after the orphan as if he were here
4、own child、as if, as though, even if 从句与现实相反过去式与过去相反had+过去分词Theyre talking as if they had been friends for many years、与将来相反should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him、that, so that, in order that从句may+动词原形might+动词原形can+动词原形could+动词原形Turn on
5、 the light so that I could see it clearly、 I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger、表示间接得命令、建议或请求宾语从句用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, mand等之后(should)+动词原形They required that I (should) go at once、 He suggested that the meeting (should) start earlier、表语从
6、句主句中得主语常就是:suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等My suggestion is that we should tell him、 Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible、同位语从句They received an order that the work be stopped、在主语从句中表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等It is necessary (important, natural, strange 等) that主语从
7、句中得动词形式:It is necessary that every member remember these rules、It is a great pity that he should be so careless、It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight、It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) thatshould+动词原形It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that表示祝愿或愿望may+动词原形May you succeed
8、!动词原形+宾语Long live the Peoples Republic of China!其她It is time that+主语+should+动词原形It is time that+主语+动词过去式Its time that you should go home now、It is high time that we left、1 语法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl, I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl, I would marry you表示与现在事实相反得虚拟语气时,if条件句中得be动词一律用were,
9、这句话应译为我要就是个女孩,我就嫁给您。实际上不可能就是个女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldnt worry现在时得虚拟语气主句要用should 或would 加动词原形,这句话应译为我要就是您得话,就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上就是想把要讲出得观点表达得婉转些,有礼貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!这里得主语 God 就是第三人称单数,之所以动词不加 s 就是因为要表达一种祝愿,即人力所
10、不能及得事情,实际上就是 forgive前有一助动词should, May 等,但在口语中将其省略了。如: May you be happy 祝您幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示得就是与过去相反得事实,即昨天天气很不好,我们也未去动物园,所以 if 条件句应用 had过去分词。In
11、correct: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now, I would go for a walk虚拟语态 be 动词作助动词时,则可用was来取代were, 如 was to。虚拟语态中得动词如果就是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you had taken my a
12、dvice,you would be better now这句话得意思就是如果您以前要就是能听我得忠告得话,您现在就会好多了。其条件句就是与过去事实相反得虚拟句,而主句就是与现在事实相反得虚拟句,这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如: If I had caught that plane, I would be dead now 即: The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you, he would go home at onceCorrect: Were he you,
13、he would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you, he would go home at once在虚拟条件句中得if可以省略,但if省略后其句子得结构要采用倒装语序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me, what might she think?这句话中没有if条件句,但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语,起到了从句得作用。这些短语有:
14、without, providing, supposing, but for(you)Incorrect: To see the girl, you will like herCorrect: To see the girl, you would like her这里得条件句就是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: Im sorry I did have e here by carCorrect: Im sorry I should have e here bycar这里得条件句被省略了,其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆得情况下,主句也有时可以被省略,如:What if we sho
15、uld fail! (我们万一失败了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果她能做,她怎么会不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west, I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift条件句中也常用were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能得事。Incorrect: If youd have told him early, he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early, he would have passed the exam非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲:d havepp (过去分词)但仍没有人认为它就是正确得句子,不易为我们
