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1、实用文档G9 GRAMMAR现在完成时I. 现在完成时的概念。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 Weve known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。） I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. II. 构成：”助动词have, has + 过去分词”现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以work为例）：人称肯定否定疑问回答第一人称I h
2、ave seen the UFO.We have travelled around the world.I havent seen the UFO.We havent travelled around the world.Have you seen the UFO?Have you travelled around the world?Yes, I have./ No, I havent.Yes, we have./ No, we havent.第二人称You have been to England.You havent been to England.Have you been to En
3、gland?Yes, I/we have. No, I /we havent.第三人称He/She has been to Beijing.They have given concerts all over the world.He/ She hasnt been to Beijing.They havent given concerts all over the world. Has he/ she been to Beijing?Have they given concerts all over the world?Yes, he/she has.No, he/she hasnt.Yes,
4、 they have.No, they havent.注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。练. 把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。1. I have done my homework.否定句：_一般疑问句：_回答：_2. The plane has arrived.否定句：_一般疑问句：_回答：_III. 现在完成时用法归纳1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词) 如： The plane has arrived.常用的时间状语和副词：already (已经) 用于肯定句中，位置比较灵活，
5、但通常放在have/ has 与过去分词之间如： I have already done my homework.yet (还，仍然，已经) 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)_ever (曾经)，句中，多用于疑问句如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?never (从不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，独立用；just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。如：I have jus
6、t heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如： Have you seen her these days? 译： _Have you been to the library today? 译：_Have you read the book recently? 译：_3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：a. for + 一段时间：for two hoursb. since + 时间
7、点：since 1999, since last yearc. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days agod. since + 从句（用过去时）e. up to now, till now, until now, so farf. in the past two years, in the last few daysg. recently, lately如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years. His mother has worked in the shop since 1990. The Greens have
8、 lived in London since three years ago.注：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了！) 不能用buy4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, di
9、e, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. I have bought this book for three months. ()非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。 leave- have (has) been away fromclose- be closed join- have (has) been (in)begin/start- be on buy- have (has) hadgo- be there die- have (has) deadfinish- be over co
10、me (arrive)- have (has) been hereborrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined been got to know known（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间
11、状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）如： 他参军五年了。（判断正误）He has joined the Army for five years. ( )He has been in the Army for five years. ( )He joined the Army five years ago. ( )他离开济南三年了。He has left Jinan for three years. ( )He has been away from Jinan for three years.He left Jinan three years ago.(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“
12、It is + 一段时间+ since从句”（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.= It is two years since the old man died.5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别（1）have been to 去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。（2）has gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开
13、此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。翻译： 你以前去过北京吗？_ 吉姆已经去了伦敦。_格林一家在中国已经两年了。_6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：(1) 侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如： Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关) Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解
14、那本书的内容)（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等时间状语连用。注 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的
