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1、Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.二、语言学研究的核心（下面的术语要尽量全都认识,不然做题时可能看不懂选项）1、Phonetics 语音学2、Phonology 音位学3、Morphology 形态学4、Syntax 句法学5、Semantics 语义学6、Pragmatics 语用学三、语言（Langue）和言语（Parole）这个考过的。Parole这个概念是F. de Saussure （索绪尔）提出的。Langue指语言系统的整 体，“所有（语言使用）个体头脑中存储的词语 形象之总和
2、”，这个整体相对较为稳定；Parole指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语，它是随时间和地点变化的一个 动态的实体。四、语言的功能 Functions of Language（这个也考过的。考过the informative function,就是咼速公路指示牌的那道题）1、The instrumental function2、The regulatory function3、The heuristic function4、The interactional function5、The personal function6、The imaginative function7、The i
3、nformative function五、语言的普遍特征 Design Features这个也考过的，这五个特征由美国语言学家 Charles Hockett 提出。弱弱地说一句：如果真的在临时抱佛脚，那就不要管这五个术语的具体含义了，只要能强 行记下来应付考试就是了。_1、Arbitrariness 任意性2、Productivity 多产性3、Duality 双层结构4、Displacement 移位性5、Cultural Transmission 文化传播性六、语音学和音位学（一）语音学Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of langua
4、ge.1、三大分支（1）Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学（2）Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学（3）Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学2、辅音和元音（这个考过的，考过二者的区别）（二）音位学Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.1、三个术语（1）Phone 音素（2）Phoneme 音
5、位（3）Allophone 音位变体包括Stress重音、Tone音调、Intonation语调七、形态学Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（一）两类词汇1、Closed class words 封闭性词汇2、Open class words 开放性词汇（二）Morpheme 词素1、Free morpheme 自由词素2、Bound morpheme 粘着词素3、Stem 词干4、Root 词根（三）Word-f
6、ormation 构词法（四）Inflection 屈折变化八、句法学Syntax: studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.九、语义学Semantics: is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.1、Synonymy 同义关系2、Polysemy 一词多义3、Homophones同音异义&Homogragh同形异义&Complete homony
7、ms同形同音异义4、Hyponymy 上下义关系5、Antonymy 反义关系6、Analysis of meaning 语义分析( 1)Componential analysis 成分分析( 2)Predication analysis 述谓分析7、Two-place predicate 二向谓词、one-place predicate 一向谓词、no-place predicate零向谓词8、Sense relations between sentences( 1)Entailment( 2)Presupposition十、语用学1、Pragmatics: the study of how
8、 speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. (Or it refers to the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings.)2、过的)区分语义学和语用学的最本质因素是：是否考虑了语言使用过程中的语境。(考3、Speech Act Theory (言语行为理论)：it was ori
9、ginated with J. Austin in the late 50sof the 20thcentury. The speaker, when uttering a sentence, may be also performing actions. (考过的)4、言语行为的三种次行为(考过的)( 1)Locutionary act 言内行为：指“说话”这一行为本身，如发出声音、说出单词，它表述的是话语的字面意思；( 2)Illocutionay act 言外行为：指说话时因言语本身的一些习惯力量而随之产生的一些行为，如允诺、警告，它表述的是说话者的目的或意图；( 3)Perlocuti
10、onary act言后行为：指话语在听者身上产生的效果。在语言学中，言外行为是最常见的研究主题。十一、语言演变一） Addition of new words1、Coinage 合成法：如 walkman2、Clipped words 截短法：如 expo3、Blending 拼缀法：如 smog4、Acronyms 首字母缩略法：如 WTO5、Back-formation 逆向构词法：如 butch6、Function shift 功能转换法：如 brake7、Borrowing 借用法：如 tragedy（二）Loss of words（三）Changes in the meaning o
11、f words1、Widening of meaning 意义扩大2、Narrowing of meaning 意义缩减3、Meaning shift 意义转移十二 、语言与社会1、Sociolinguistics 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系，以及语言使用者所在的社会结构与语言的使用之间的关系。2、Speech community 言语社团3、Speech variety 言语变体：refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4、Regional dialect
12、 地域方言： it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.5、Sociolect 社会方言： refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.6、Idiolect 个人语言： it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social,
13、 gender, and age variations.7、Ethnic dialect 种族方言：it is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regionaldifferences; it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.8、Register 语域： refers to th
14、e type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.指由于交际场合情景不同而产生的不同程度的语言变体。The three social variables that determine the register are:(1) Field of discourse话语范围：指谈话的题材，可以是专业性的(technical)或非专业性 的(nontechnical)o It answers “why” and “about what” communication takes place.(2)
15、Tenor of discourse话语体式：它依赖于交际参与者之间的关系。正是这种关系决定了 谈话以正式、随便或亲密等文体进行。Degree of formality 正式程度：intimate 亲密体；casual 随便体；consultative 询议体； formal正式体；frozen刻板体。 Mode of discourse话语方式：指进行交际的手段，主要通过口语或书面体。9、Standard dialect 标准语10、Pidgin洋泾浜语(考过的)：指一种特殊的语言混合体，通常是因为某种特定的如 经商等原因，由原本讲不同语言的人们为进行直接的交际目的而创造的变体。11、Creole (考过的)混合语、克里奥耳语：指一种已经固定下来的洋泾浜语，整个社 团都用它来
