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1、一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。二、功能：“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。三、形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组
2、成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：ing 分词独立主格结构；ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。四、举例： 1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词ing; 表原因）2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，
3、闭着眼睛。（名词ed; 表状态）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词副词；表时间）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词不定式；表时间）五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同： 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，
4、有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例： If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garde
5、n more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例： Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则) When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）六、
6、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同： 1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。例： Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句
7、中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例： To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了 七、非谓语动
8、词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother
9、began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because t
10、he key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he
11、is busy preparing the dinner.）will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really cant afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。（Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really cant afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour ,
12、 each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。（The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,fl
13、owers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himse
14、lf at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone wasready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The
15、 boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有being的独立主格结构。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic
