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1、 学英语 找长喜LECTURE 13省略结构本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构，了解各种情况下的结构现象，完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。基础预习 一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子可以称为省略句。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种普遍的现象，因为它有助于语言的简洁。一、单句中的省略省略情况例示省略主语(Weve) Got to go now.得走了。省略谓语或谓语的一部分(Is) The machine still not working? 这机器还是不能开？省略宾语Which of them is the better choice?-Well, its hard to s
2、ay (it).他们谁是合适的人选？-嗯，这很难说。主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分What a pity (it is) you cant go to the lecture.真的很遗憾你不能去听课。(表语)How many copies do you want?-Three copies, please.你要几本？-三本。(宾语) (Come) This way, please.请这边走。(状语)Got any ink？有墨水吗？(其他成分)省略不定式He didnt come, though we had invited him to (come).我们曾邀
3、请他过来，但他没来。省略冠词(A) Friend of mine gave it to me.我的一个朋友给我的。其他成分(Of) Course thats only a beginning.当然这还只是一个开头。【例】I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.我读大学，我妹妹读高中。All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units, some (of them) (weigh) 235 units, an
4、d some (of them) (weigh) 238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。二、并列句中的省略并列结构中，尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too时，后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。【例】(08-翻译)He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in
5、 observing them carefully. 【点睛】在that引导的宾语从句中，and连接两个并列的分句，第二个分句省略了与前一分句相同的部分he was superior to the common run of men。【译文】他谦虚地补充道，或许他和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西，更能够对它们仔细地观察。三、不定式符号to后面的省略分类例示1）afford, hate, have, hope, intend, mean, need, plan, try, want, wish, would like/ love等动词之后，to后省略动词，以避免重复。“Wi
6、ll you have lunch with me tomorrow?” “Id love to, but Im afraid my sister will visit me then.”（love to后省略have lunch）2）be, have, need, ought, used, be able, be going+to结构中，与前文重复的动词省略。 “Do the Smiths live next door to you?” “No, but they used to.”（used to表示过去曾经经常干某事，而现在不这样了。to 后面为了避免重复，省略了live next do
7、or to me。）重点讲解一、宾语从句中的省略当宾语从句由which, when, where, why以及how等疑问词引导时，只保留wh-疑问词，省略其余部分。【例】He told he would come, but I dont know when (he would come).他说他要来，但我不知道什么时候。A particular area can be having a lot of earthquakes for many different reasons, and we usually cannot tell why (a particular area can be
8、having a lot of earthquakes). 某一特定地区可能因为许多不同的原因而多次发生地震，我们通常不知道为什么。二、状语从句中的省略由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where及whethernor等引导的状语从句，也常常省略句中某些成分。【例】(06-Text 1)But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past, todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and
9、 deteriorating social environment. 【点睛】when引导条件状语从句。因从句的主语与主句的主语相同，都为todays social indices，故when后省略主语和be动词todays social indices are。【译文】尤其如果将当下的社会指数放在美国动荡的历史环境中来看，会发现这些指数并未表明一个黑暗而恶化的社会环境。【补充拓展】若主、从句的主语不一致，这种省略不发生。换句话说，作状语的分词短语，如果没带自己的主语，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。在分析这种省略结构句时，要注意主语的一致性。如下句就不能省略从句的主语while。【例】While
10、 they were golfing, a rabbit ran across the course and knocked the ball into the hole. 在他们打高尔夫球时，一只兔子跑过球场，把球撞到洞里去了。三、定语从句中的省略分类例示1）在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that。That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。2）在direction(方向),way(方式),distance(距离),time(时间),times(倍
11、数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which。1)The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。2)The distance (which/that) light travels in one second is 300,000 kilometers.光每秒传播距离是30万公里。【例】（07-翻译）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parall
12、el to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news【点睛】(that/which)journalists forge为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰the links。【译文】）另一方面，如同新闻记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与现实生活建立起联系那样，法律把这些概念结合到日常生活中。四、特殊句型中it is的省略当遇到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast as，than等)+possible/necess
13、ary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。【例】1)When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something. 必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。2)Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book.如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。课堂练习难句分析1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for exam
14、ple, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (
15、09-翻译)3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ide
