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1、Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another compa
2、rable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) thread their w
3、ay among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Par
4、a. 9)5Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows(Para. 5) 2) which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheel
5、s. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. as the burnished copper catches the light of (Para.5)Unit 2V: Figures of speechMetaphor: 暗喻暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1). And s
6、econdly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2). I was again crushed by the thought(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)4). when th
7、e meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 13)Synecdoche: 提喻e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)little old Japan: trad
8、itional Japanese housesMetonymy: 换喻 换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)the kimono
9、and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western cultureIrony：反语反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)Climax: 层进法A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical f
10、orce or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 1516, Para. 12, Lines 13)Anti-climax: 渐降渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。e.g. “seldom has a city g
11、ained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.”(p.15)Sarcasm讽刺 Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if(
12、hyperbole)Unit 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.IV: Rhetorical devices1. Periodic sentences: 周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.(p.79)b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will
13、 have our aid. (p.80)c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russiahe is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the newsinvasion of Russia.(p.77)2. Rhetorical question (interrogation)E.g. but can you doubt what our policy will be?3. parallel structur
14、e a) We will never parley We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80) b) we shall fight him by land we shall fight him by sea we shall fight him in the air. (p.80) c) behind all this glare behind all this storm I see(p.80)4. Inversion a) From this nothing will turn usnothing P. 805.
15、 RepetitionWe have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81)We will never parley, we will never negotiate(p.80)6. simile明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）I see also the dullGerman soldierscrawling locusts.(p79-80)7. metaphor暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。a) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79)b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I
