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1、附录A 外文文献Stress Analysis of Stamping Dies作者：R. S. Rao 来源： Journal of Materials Shaping Technology发表时间： 1989-06-15 数据库 Springer期刊Abstract: Experimental and computational procedures for studying deflections, flit, andalignment characteristics of a sequence of stamping dies, housed in a transfer press,
2、are pre-sented. Die loads are actually measured at all the 12 die stations using new load monitors and used as input to the computational procedure. A typical stamping die is analyzed using a computational code, MSC/NASTRAN, based on finite element method. The analysis is then extended to the other
3、dies, especially the ones where the loads are high. Stresses and deflections are evaluated in the dies for the symmetric and asymmetric loading conditions. Based on our independent die analysis, stresses and deflections are found to be reasonably well within the tolerable limits. However, this situa
4、tion could change when the stamping dies are eventually integrated with the press as a total system which is the ultimate goal of this broad research program. INTRODUCTION Sheet metal parts require a series of operations such as shearing , drawing , stretching , bending , and squeezing. All these op
5、erations are carried out at once while the double slide mechanism descends to work on the parts in the die stations, housed in a transfer press 1. Material is fed to the press as blanks from a stock feeder. In operation the stock is moved from one station to the next by a mechanism synchronized with
6、 the motion of the slide. Each die is a separate unit which may be independently adjusted from the main slide. An automotive part stamped from a hot rolled steel blank in 12 steps without any intermediate anneals is shown in Figure 1. Transfer presses are mainly used to produce different types of au
7、tomotive and aircraft parts and home appliances. The economic use of transfer presses depends upon quantity production as their usual production rate is 500 to 1500 parts per hour 2. Although production is rapid in this way, close tolerances are often difficult to achieve. Moreover, the presses prod
8、uce a set of conditions for off-center loads owing to the different operations being performed simultaneously in several dies during each stroke. Thus, the forming load applied at one station can affect the alignment and general accuracy of the operation being performed at adjacent stations. Another
9、 practical problem is the significant amount of set-up time involved to bring all the dies into proper operation. Hence, the broad goal of this research is to study the structural characteristics of press and dies combination as a total system. In this paper, experimental and computational procedure
10、s for investigating die problems are presented. The analysis of structural characteristics of the transfer press was pursued separately 3. A transfer press consisting of 12 die stations was chosen for analysis. Typical die problems are excessive deflections, tilt, and misalignment of the upperand lo
11、wer die halves. Inadequate cushioning and offcenter loading may cause tilt and misalignment of the dies. Tilt and excessive deflections may also be caused by the lack of stiffness of the die bolster and the die itself. Part quality can be greatly affected by these die problems. There are a lot of ot
12、her parameters such as the die design, friction and lubrication along the die work interface, speed, etc. that play a great role in producing consistently good parts. Realistically, the analysis should be carded out by incorporating the die design and the deforming characteristics of the work materi
13、al such as the elastic-plastic work hardening properties. In this preliminary study, the large plastic deformation of the workpiece was not considered for the reasons mentioned below. Large deformation modeling of a sheet stretching process was carded out using the computational code based on an ela
14、stic-plastic work hardening model of the deformation process 4. Laboratory experiments were conducted on various commercial materials using a hemispherical punch. The coefficient of friction along the punch-sheet interface was actually measured in the experiment and used as a prescribed boundary to
15、the numerical model. Although a good solution was obtained, it was realized that the numerical analysis was very sensitive to the frictional conditions along the interface. In the most recent work, a new friction model based on the micromechanics of the asperity contact was developed 5. In the prese
16、nt problem, there are several operations such as deep drawing, several reduction drawing operations, and coining, which are performed using complex die geometries. The resources and the duration of time were not adequate to study these nonlinear problems. Hence,the preliminary study was limited to die problems basedon linear stress analysis. A detailed die analysis was carried out by using MSC /NASTRA
