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1、高中化学必修一元素转换关系图1、钠及其化合物的转化关系Na2O2NaClNaNa?0?NaOH-器-Na2CO3(13)(15)NaHCO3NaCl Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O 2Na2O2+4HCl=4NaCl+O2f+2H2O2Na2O2+4H+=4Na+O2f+2H2O2Na+2HCl=2NaCl+H2f2Na+2H+=2Na+H2f4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2f2Na+O2Na2O2Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na+2OH-Na2O+CO2=Na2CO(ll)2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+
2、H2O2OH-+CO2=CO32-+H2O(13)NaOH+CO2=NaHCO3oh-+co2=hco3-2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH-+H2f2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2f2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH-+O2f2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3；+2NaOHCO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3；探(Na2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-#探(15)2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2f或“aHCO3+NaOH=Na2CO3+H2Ohco3-+oh-=co32-+h2o(
3、16)Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+CO2f(17)NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2fCO32-+2H+=H2O+CO2fHCO3-+H+=h2o+co2f补充：石灰水中加入少量NaHCO3:Ca(OH)2+NaHCO3=CaCO3(+NaOH+H2OCa2+OH-+HCO3-=CaCO3(+H2O 石灰水中加入过量NaHCO3:Ca(OH)2+2NaHCO3=CaCO3；+Na2CO3+2H2OCa2+2OH-+2HCO3-=CaCO3(+CO32-+2H2O2、铝及其化合物的转化关系(12)AlAlCl3Al2O3A1(OH)3(KA1(SO4)2#NaAlO2
4、#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O32A1+6H+=2A13+3H2f2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2f2A1+2OH-+2H2O=2A1O2-+3H2fAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3+2OH-=2AlO2-+H2OA1(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O A12O3+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2A13+3H2OAlCl3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH)3；+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3H2O=A1(OH)3；+3NH4+2A1(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O#2A1+6HC1=2A1C1
5、3+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3A1(OH)3+3H+=A13+3H2ONaAlO2+HCl+H2O=Al(OH)3；+NaCl或NaAlO2+2H2O+CO2=Al(OH)3；+NaHCO3#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3AlO2-+H+H2O=A1(OH)3(Al(OH)3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2OAl(OH)3+OH-=AlO2-+2H2OAlO2-+2H2O+CO2=Al(OH)3；+HCO3-(1DA13+3H2OAl(OH)3胶体+3H+明矶净水#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3A13+4OH-=A
6、1O2-+2H2O(12)A1C13+4NaOH=NaA1O2+3NaC1+2H2O3、铁及其化合物的转化关系#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3胆04FFeFe(OH)2叫Fe(SCN)3（Fee.(11)Fe(OH)3(13)Fe?0#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3白色沉淀迅速变成灰绿色，最后变成红褐色(ll)Fe(OH)3+3HC1=FeC13+3H2OFe3+3H2OFe(OH)3胶体+3H+(净水)Fe3O4+4CO3Fe+4CO2 Fe+2HC1=
7、FeC12+H2fFe+2H+=Fe2+H2f2FeC12+C12=2FeC132Fe2+C12=2Fe3+2C1-FeC12+2NaOH=Fe(OH)2；+2NaC1Fe2+20H-=Fe(OH)2；4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)33Fe+4H2O(g)高温Fe3O4+4H2或3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4 2Fe+3C12点燃2FeC13Fe+2FeC13=3FeC12Fe+2Fe3+=3Fe2+Fe(OH)2+2HC1=FeC12+2H2OFe(OH)2+2H+=Fe2+2H2OFeC13+3NaOH=Fe(OH)3；+3NaC1Fe3+30H-=Fe(OH)3；#2A1
8、+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3Fe(OH)3+3H+=Fe3+3H2O(12)2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3#2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2f4Al+3O22Al2O3(13)Fe2O3+6HC1=2FeC13+3H2OFe2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2O探(FeC13+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KC1Fe3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3#4、硅及其化合物的转化关系#SiNa2SiO3SiFqSiO2 CaSiO3H2SiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2OSiO
9、2+2OH-=SiO32-+H2O Si+o2SiO2 SiO2+2C高温Si+2C0fSiO2+4HF=SiF4f+2H2O(刻蚀玻璃) Si+4HF=SiF4f+2H2f SiO2+CaO高温CaSiO3SiO2+CaCO3高温CaSiO3+CO2fNa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3J+2NaCl#SiO2+Na2CO3高温Na2SiO3+CO2fSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3；2-H2SiO3Na2SiO3+H2O+CO2=H2SiO3；+Na2CO3或Na2SiO3+2H2O+2CO2=H2SiO3；+2NaHCOSiO32-+H2O+CO2=H2SiO3；+CO32-或SiO
10、32-+2H2O+2CO2=H2SiO3；+2HCO3-H2O+SiO2H2SiO3+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+2H2OH2SiO3+2OH-=SiO32-+2H2O5、氯及其化合物的转化关系HClOHClCa(ClO)22Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl3点燃CuCl2CuCl2Cl2NaClO Cu+Cl2 2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl22Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClOCl2+H2O=H+C1-+HC1OCl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2OCl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2OH2+Cl2点燃MnO2+4HC或浓照)MnO2+4
11、H+2C1-2HC1O光照2HCl+O2f2HClMnCl2+Cl2f+2H2OMn2+Cl2f+2H2O2HC1O光照2H+2Cl-+O2f2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O工业制漂白粉Ca(ClO)2+H2O+CO2=CaCO3；+2HC1O或Ca(ClO)2+2HCl=CaCl2+2HClOCa2+2C1O-+H2O+CO2=CaCO3；+2HClO或C1O-+H+=HClO漂白粉的漂白原理向漂白粉溶液中通入过量的CO2：Ca(ClO)2+2H2O+2CO2=Ca(HCO3)2+2HClOClO-+H2O+CO2=HCO3-+HClO#6、硫及其化合物的转
12、化关系CuSO2CaSO3SO3CaSO4氯水s+o2点燃so2H2SO42H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OSO2+O2催化剂2SO322加热3so3+h2o=h2so4 SO2+CaO SO3+CaO=CaSO4CaSO3SO2+Ca（OH）2=CaSO3；+H2OSO2+Ca2+2OH-=CaSO3（+H2O2CaSO3+O22CaSO4SO3+Ca（OH）2=CaSO4+H2OSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCu+2H2SO4（浓）SO2+Cl2+2H2O=4H+SO42-+2Cl-Cu+2H2SO4（浓）C+2H2SO4（浓）CO2f+2SO2f+2H207、氮及其化合物的
13、转化关系N2NH3NH4C1NONO2HNO3Cu+4HNO3（浓）=Cu（NO3）2+2NO2fCu+4H+2NO3-=Cu2+2NO2f+2H2O+2H2O或C+4HNO3（浓）JCO2f+2NO2f+2H2O3Cu+8HNO3（稀）=3Cu（NO3）2+2NOf+4H2O3Cu+8H+2NO3-=3Cu2+2NOf+4H2OCuSO4+SO2f+2H2OCu2+SO42-+SO2f+2H2ON2+O2高温或放电2NO2NO+O2=2NO23NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2H+2NO3-+NO以上三个反应为“雷雨发庄稼”原理扩展反应有：4NO2+O2+2H2O=4HNO34NO+3O2+2H2O=4HNO3上面两个反应主要用于气体溶于水时的计算4HNO3光照4NO2f+O2f+2H2O浓硝酸见光易变黄的原因N2+3H2催化剂2NH3高温高压合成氨反应是人工固氮的主要途径NH4C1NH3f+HClf补充：nh4hco3nh3f+h2o+co2f铵盐受热都易分解，但并不是所有的铵盐都分解出氨气口NH4NO3、（NH4）2SO4NH4+OH-NH3f+H2O3NH3+HC1=NH4CIn
