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1、定语从句学习的难点突破 所谓定语从句（THE ATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE）是指在主从复合句中修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。定语从句在英语学习中是比较复杂却又是运用的比较广泛的一种从句形式,是各级各类英语语法必考的热点之一，也是考生通常感到较难掌握的语言知识之一，而且随着阅读理解在各种考试中得占分比例的增加，定语从句的重要性就更加突出了，因为，使阅读文章复杂化的简单途径就是借助于定语从句。 所以正确理解定语从句不仅在单项选择，而且在完形填空、阅读理解、以及书面表达中都非常重要，因为定语从句的掌握好坏直接影响到考生们对于长句、难句、复杂句的理解，进而直接影响考生的得分。整理本定语从句语法
2、专题的目的，就是帮助考生用最短的时间攻克定语从句学习难关，在考试中取得好成绩。一、定语从句的基本概念：(一)定义作用在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词之后。关联词关联词用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。(二)关系代词的作用作用例 句1.作主语1. The student who is talking with the monitor is Lucy.（指人作主语）2. A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.（指物作主语）2.作表语3.She is no longer the
3、 girl that she used to be.（指人作表语）3.作宾语4.The student whom (who)you want to see has come already.（指人作宾语）5.The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.（指物作宾语）4.作定语6.The girl whose mother is a teacher studies very hard.（指人作定语）(三)须用that引导的定语从句情况1： nothing,everything,anything,much, all
4、,little，something等不定代词作先行词时，常用that引导从句.例句: Is there anything that I can do for you?情况2:指物的先行词前被序数词修饰时。例句: The first thing that we should do is to help him.情况3:指物的先行词前被形容词最高级修饰时。例句: This is the best foreign film that I have ever seen.情况4:指物的先行词前被the very, the only, the same修饰时。例句: Thats the very tool
5、 that we are looking for.情况5:先行词既指人又指物时。例句: They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.情况6:主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。例句: Who is the man that is standing over there? Which is the tool that you are looking for?(四)不可由that引导的定语从句:情况1:在非限制性定语从句中。例句:Mr Smith ,who lives in Chicago, is a
6、 doctor .情况2:关系代词在从句中作前置介词的宾语时。例句: This is the room in which Mr Liu once lived .情况3:由that作先行词时。例句: The bread which is made by my mother is better than that which is sold in food shops.情况4:someone.somebody,nobody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody等指人的不定代词作先行词时。例句: Anyone who breaks the law will be pun
7、ished.（五）非限制性定语从句的特点：1.不能用that引导定语从句。2.关系代词不能省略。3.非限制性定语从句前需有逗号 （六）关系副词的用法： 关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。1when指代表示时间的先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当时间状语。例如： October 1，1949 was the day when（=on which） the Peoples Republic of China was founded.2、where指代“代表地点的先行词”在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当地点状语。例如： We will visit the house whe
8、re(=in which)lu Xun was born. 注意：如果代表地点的先行词在定于从句中不是充当状语，而是充当“主语”、“宾语”等句子成分，则不能够用where引导定语从句来修饰“代表地点的先行词”。例如： 1) This is the museum which we visited the day before yesterday. 2)We are going tovisitthe farm which his father bought in the World War Two.3. why代替先行词在定语从句中相当于相应的介词在从句中充当原因状语.例如: Who can te
9、ll me the reason why(=for which) tom was absent today?二、定语从句的学习难点： 同学们务必认真分析历届高考中有关定语从句的语言考点分布及命题轨迹，结合平时自己的薄弱环节及容易产生理解误区的内容进行归纳总结，特别需要注意以下起六个方面的学习难点：一）选用关系代词还是关系副词？ 关系代词和关系副词的选择是定语从句的学习重点和难点。在定语从句中关系代词与关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。如果该从句缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，须用关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that等来引导定语从句；如果从句缺少状语时，就得选用关系副
10、词when,where,why等来引导包含定语从句的主从复合句。切记：务必根据先行词在定语从句中所从当的成分及从句的句子结构或功能来选择相应的关系代词或关系副词。试比较： 1）I still remember the days which we spent in london.（注：先行词days在从句中充当spent的宾语。） 2）I still remember the days when we studied in london.(注：先行词days 在从句中充当时间状语。) 3）I still remember the days in which we studied in the s
11、ame class.(注：先行词days在从句中充当前置介词in的宾语。)二）何时须用that引导何时不能用引导定语从句呢？ that在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指物，既可以作主语、宾语又可以作表语。在下列情况下须用that引导定语从句。(1)当先行词是指物的不定代词，如: all,much,little,everything,nothing,anything,one等时；但something作先行词时，也可以用which引导定语从句。例如： 4）Thats all thatI know and i have nothing thatI can tell you. 5）There is st
12、ill something which/thatI cant tell you at present.(2）指物的先行词被不定代词all,much,few,little,every,each,some,no或被the only,the very,the same等限定词所修饰时。例如： 6)This is the only book thatI really need.(3)先行词既指人又指物时。例如： 7)My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they could remember.(4
13、)先行词在定语从句中作表语时。例如： 8)China is no longer the one that it used to be.(5)指物的先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词所修饰时。例如： 9)The first book thatI read in english is dickens novel.(6)、当主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如： 10)Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday? Who is the girl that is standing over there?三)在以下的情况下定语从句却不能用tha
14、t引导定语从句：(1) 先行词在定语从句中充当前置介词的宾语时，不能用that；指人时只能用whom 引导从句，指物时只能用which引导从句。例如： 11)The man about whom you are talking is our headmaster.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。例如： 12) It was in the street last sunday thatI met a friend, who had just come from new york.(3)先行词为someone, anyone, everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody ,
15、 these ,those等指人的不定代词时。例如： 13) Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(4)that充当主句的先行词时。例如： 14) I dont like this magazine, andI like that /which you sent me the day before yesterday.温馨提醒：当way作先行瓷时， 定语从句常用in which，that引导定语从句或或省略关系代词如： 15)I dont like the way (in which/ that) you spoke to your mother.四）“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用原则1、前置介词的选择应根据定语从句中动词词组或搭配的需要。例如： 16）The book in which you are interested was sent by my uncle.( be interested in系固
