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1、英语分词基础语法讲解及对应练习:(1) 9. 分词 分词既有动词的特征,由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示(以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例): do go 主动 被动 现在分词 doing being done going 过去分词 / done gone 完成式 having done having been done / 9.1 分词作定语 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词
2、强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如: We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Mos
3、t of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案
4、D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which was written 2)Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:Whats the language (which is) spoken in German? 9.2 分词作状语 分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条
5、件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。例如: Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了个电话。 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 典型例题 1)_
6、 some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被跟随)。本题可改为: With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2)There was a terrible noise _ the s
7、udden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。 3)_, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it
8、is heated, 注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。例如: Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。 9.3 连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如: Whi
9、le waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时,他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。(waiting 和saw 的主语相同) 9.4 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如: I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 ll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 9.5 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如: She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standin
10、g beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。 9.6 分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如: generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。 Generall
11、y speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的动作) 9.7 分词的时态 1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如: Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the presiden
12、t. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。 2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如: While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done。 Having finished his homework,
13、he went out. 做完作业后,他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 典型例题 _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because
14、he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 9.8 分词的语态 1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如: He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you)他就是给你钱的那个人。 He is the man stopped by the car. (= who was stopped by)他就是那个被车拦住的人。 2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。 例如: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
