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1、定义Linguistics ：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. General Linguistics ：The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. language ：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features ：It refers to the de
2、fining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Linguistics：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. The scope of linguistics：The study of language as a whole
3、 is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are c
4、alled morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio
5、-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）1.宽式音标Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacr
6、itics. 3.清音Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音Vowel The sounds in the
7、 production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6.辅音Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants
8、. 7.音位Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, its a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位变体Allophones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 9.音素phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish
9、meaning, its a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征Suprasegmental The phonemic feature
10、s that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. 12.互补分布complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介Phonic medium of lang
11、uage The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 14.爆破音stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the
12、air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d k g 1.词素Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. 2.自由词素Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 3.黏着词素Bound morp
13、hemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. 4.词根Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 5.词缀Affix The collective term for
14、the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 6.曲折词缀inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. 7.派生词缀Derivational affixes The manifestation of relation between
15、 stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. 8.词干Stem A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 9.形态学规则Morphological rules They are rules that govern which affix can be added to w
16、hat type of stem to form a new word. 10.前缀Prefix Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes be- and en(m)- 11.后缀Suffix Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its pa
