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1、英语阅读理解专题指导猜测词义题在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。常见的题干有：1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？2) The word. could b
2、est be replaced by.3) In the. paragraph, the word. means (refers to).4) According to the passage,. probably means.5) The author uses the word. to mean.猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：一是针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有
3、一个句子（定语从句或是同位语或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its ow
4、n.（2005年湖北卷）分析由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：动物的地盘。例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today分析由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and rei
5、ndeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）According to the passage ,The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for s ome special kinds of food分析通过
6、whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。2.根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt
7、, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.分析根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指议题。二是内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比
8、性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does
9、 the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thoughtC.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests分析根据对比关系，这里hassle a basket of fu是相反的意义很容易判断理解题的答案为C。例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers ar
10、e similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。2.根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .The word presumptuous in the middle of the
11、passage is closest in meaning to .Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet分析根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意 思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,o
12、r young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我 们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、反义等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together. （2005年江苏卷）The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .As
13、imple Bmixed Csad Dhappy分析句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的。例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）分析根据and three other medica
14、l centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.分析根据与insult侮辱的同等关系猜测defame为诋毁 ，中伤或诽谤例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.分析运用与football的同义关系推断为足球。例13.The house stood at the
15、end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerl ess.来源:学.科.网分析运用与The house近义关 系可以推断dwelling与住所有关例14.Most women in China -educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.分析后面的urban and rural, the young
