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1、附 录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years, many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry. Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites. Th
2、e high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount. The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents, aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry. 1. Definition of Accident Laney (1982)
3、states that the simplest definition of an accident is “an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”. The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases. International Labor Office Geneva (1983) and Kennedy (1997) also agree that accidents dont just happen, they ar
4、e preventable. All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly, attributable to human failings. Rowlandson (1997) points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention. These elements are:a. lack of
5、management control; b. basic personal and task factors; c. sub-standard acts and conditions the symptoms of the accident; d. an unplanned and undesired event or incident the accident; e. an undesired outcome death, injury or property damage; f. a cost. He thus defines accident as: “. an unplanned in
6、cident leading to death, injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.” 2. Common Accidents in Constructi
7、on Industry According to Lingard and Rowlinson (1994) accident proneness can be measured by the frequency of accident occurrence. According to some researches, construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years, thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries. It is e
8、ssential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others. The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types.Table 1 shows the number of injuries in 2004 and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of per
9、son from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip, trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than 5% of the construc
10、tion accidents in 2004:3. Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction Industry Many researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites. Stranks (1994) points out that the reasons of the poor safety record may correlate with many factors such as complexity
11、 of the work or system, risk nature of works, management style, safety knowledge and commitment, and personal behavior. Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.a. Company Size Tam and Fung (1998) study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safet
12、y performance. In this study, the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in 1994 as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained. In the study, it is found that company size, in term of number of management staff, affects safety performan
13、ce. Tam and Fung (1998) observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest, the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest. This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records. This could be resulted from the
14、more structured and formalized safety programmers, and stronger management commitment to safety. It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization, the lower figure of the accident rate.b. Level of Subcontracting Multi-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry a
15、nd has been the most common practice being used with long history. Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads. Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficul
16、ties in implementing safety management. Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004) shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance. Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents (45.5%) would sublet 80-90% of their works to subcontractors. None of the respondents would carry out construction wo
