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1、- 4 -1. Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603)2. 伊丽莎白 (7 September 1533 24 March 1603)3. All Queens of England4. 英国历代王朝及国王列表Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603) Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.
2、 Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed three years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her br
3、other, Edward VI, cut her out of the succession. His will, however, was set aside, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister, the Catholic Mary, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel,
4、1 and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her r
5、eign and later evolved into todays Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry, but despite several petitions from parliament, she never did. The reasons for this choice are unknown, and they have been much debated. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity, and
6、a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants and literature of the day. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings.2 One of her mottoes was video et taceo: I see, and say nothing.3 This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, oft
7、en saved her from political and marital misalliances. Though Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland, the defeat of the Spanish armada in 1588 associated her name f
8、orever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history. Within 20 years of her death, she was being celebrated as the ruler of a golden age, an image that retains its hold on the English people. Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for
9、the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake and John Hawkins. Historians, however, tend to be more cautious in their assessment. They often depict Elizabeth as a s
10、hort-tempered,4 sometimes indecisive ruler,5 who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity to the point where many of her subjects were relieved at her death. Elizabeth is, however, acknowledged as a charisma
11、tic performer and a dogged survivor, in an age when government was ramshackle and limited and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. Such was the case with Elizabeths rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in 1568 and eventually had
12、executed in 1587. After the short reigns of Elizabeths brother and sister, her 44 years on the throne provided valuable stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.2姓 名：伊丽莎白 国 籍：英国 生卒年：公元15331603年 出生地：英国格林威治 性 别：女 特 长：政治、语言 历史评价 英国历史上著名的女王，她在位期间，是英国专制统治的极强盛时期。 一生成就 1558年1
13、1月17日玛丽去世，按照亨利八世的遗嘱，王位由伊丽莎白继承。继承王位后，伊丽莎白随即宣称：国王是上帝在人间的全权代表，是人间的上帝，要求臣民对她绝对服从，无限崇拜。伊丽莎白认为国会的作用不是让议员制定新的法律，不是让他们浪费大好时光发表演说，而是拨款充实国库，为她的统治充当工具。她禁止国会讨论她的政策，在各方面限制国会的行动，将敢于和她顶撞的议员赶出国会。伊丽莎白用过度奢侈的花费来显示她“人间上帝”的威严。但是这些费用却要大臣和贵族来为她支付。为加强对地方的控制，伊丽莎白经常到各地的贵族庄园巡游。 为博得人民的爱戴、缓解国内宗教危机，伊丽莎白恢复了亨利八世的宗教改革，释放了大批被关押的新教徒，
14、允许流亡国外的新教徒回国，还清除了枢密院中某些天主教徒。 1559年，在第一届国会上，通过的至尊法令宣布：女王为英国所有教会和僧侣团体的最高领导，一切神甫和官吏必须宣誓接受这一领导并不得服从国外的权力。至尊法令的颁布确立了国教的统治地位，沉重打击了国际天主教势力。从政治角度出发，伊丽莎白令国会通过祈祷书及圣礼统一法令，以修改过的爱德华六世时的祈祷书统一全国宗教仪式。对于英国清教徒，伊丽莎白女王也实行压抑，并力图避免不同教派的教义争论。这种中庸温和的宗教改革，没有过分刺激信奉天主教的农民的宗教感情，也初步满足了资产阶级和新贵族反对天主教的愿望，在一定时期，稳定了国内形势，也加快了工商业发展和资本
15、原始积累的进程。 为了得到新贵族和资产阶级支持，1563年，伊丽莎白政府颁布了著名的徒工法令，规定凡没有土地或土地收入少、或没有固定职业的人等都必须接受雇主雇用，期限不短于一年，未经主人同意不得在期满前离开，工资数额由各地治安法官规定。这项法令保证了新贵族和资产阶级的利益，保护了他们使用廉价劳动力的权利。伊丽莎白对被赶出家园的流浪者采取残酷的惩罚手段：1572年颁布“惩治流浪者法令”，规定十四岁以上的无证乞丐如果在两年内没人愿雇佣他，就处以鞭笞和打烙印；再度行乞且年过十八，又无人愿使用达两年者，则处死；第三次重犯，当以叛国罪处死。 海上劫掠是英国资本原始积累的另一重要形式。在伊丽莎白统治时代，
16、这种形式达到了前所未有的规模。英国海盗的主要掳掠对象是西班牙的殖民地和船只。伊丽莎白却认为这种海盗行为是充实国库和打击西班牙的重要手段，予以庇护和鼓励。她还多次为海盗远征投资。在伊丽莎白时代开始的罪恶的贩卖非洲黑人的奴隶贸易，伊丽莎白女王同样给予鼓励。这使得贩卖黑奴活动得列庇护，肆无忌惮。 1559年，伊丽莎白拒绝了西班牙国王腓力二世的求婚，毁灭了西班牙想通过“联姻方式”把英国变成从属国的梦想；她积极支持苏格兰新教徒，帮助新教贵族击败和废黜玛丽，使亲英的新教徒在苏格兰掌权；为避免与天主教国家发生直接冲突，女王尽量不介入欧洲事务，直到1585年前都迟迟不肯公开干预尼德兰革命；与此同时秘密支持英国海盗打击西班牙等国。伊丽莎白一方面与苏格兰结盟，资助法国新教派同天主教联盟做斗争，出兵支援尼德兰，以牵制西班牙，另一方面加紧
