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1、语调（intonation），即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调（pitch）高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的，以英语为例，英语有五种基本语调：升调（）、的降调（）、的升降调（）、的降升调（）以及平调（）。一句话除了词汇意义（lexical meaning）还有语调意义（intonation meaning）。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义，而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子，语调不同，意思就会不同，有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例：1）A：Jean，can you bring me the news
2、paper？B：Sorry？（）Jean用升调说“Sorry”，其意思是“I didnt hear youCould you say that again，please？”我们再看下句：2）A：Jean，can you bring me the newspaper？B：Sorry（）在对话2）中，Jean用降调说“Sorry”，显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。美国著名语言学家Kenneth LPike认为：一个音节的绝对调高是不重要的，而一个音节与另外一个的相对高度才是非常重要的。 英语有四级能区别意义的调高：1）特高调（extra high），即比正常的声调高两级，常在感情特别激动或惊讶时使
3、用。2）高调（high），即比正常的声调高一级，一般用于语句中关键性的重读词。3）中调（mid），即说话人声音的正常高度。4）低调（low），即比正常的声调低一级，一般是降调的最低点。应该按照说话人的态度来分语调模式，而不能按照句子的语法结构来分。没有所谓“疑问句的语调”或“陈述句的语调”。因为疑问句和陈述句都可以用各种语调模式来说。因此，对于我们中国的英语学习者来说，通过了解某种调型所表示的某种态度或口气也就颇为重要。事实上，无论是在现实生活中还是在考试中，我们的学生常会因为对这些知识缺乏了解而无法确定说话人的态度、的感情、的口吻和意图等。然而这又是一个比较复杂的问题。本文将通过具体的例子从
4、两方面来说明这个问题：I一句话中绝对调高及音调的相对高度所包含的意义众所周知，人们在兴奋、的惊讶或感情激动时说话的语调就高，而在相反的情况下，语调则低。因此，在同一个场合中，如果一个人的语调明显高于另一个，或明显低于另一个，以此就可以推断出该说话人的意思及态度。这里我们要着重谈谈一句话中语调的相对高度的不同所包含的意义。一句话中的语调波峰一般都是句重音所在。通过一句话中的语调波峰所在，我们就可以了解说话人的意思。如人们读“I live in the city”这句话时，由于强调的对象不同，语调也就随之发生了变化。现不妨比较如下：I（）live in the city（隐含着在场的其他人不住在城
5、里的意思）I live（）in the city（表示“我”只是“住在”城里，其隐含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思）I live in（）the city（表示“我住在城里边”，其隐含的意思是“我不住在城外”）因此，对下面的对话所提问的问题进行选择时，就不难回答了。3）M：Linda looked very tired these daysW：She looked OK to me（）Q：What does the woman think of Linda？（D）AShe saw Linda and meBLinda said she was fineCShe looked up the
6、 word for meDShe considered Linda was all right这句话里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一个单词“me”上。因为女士用升调重读“me”，这表示了女士有意与男士的看法形成对比，意思是：在你的眼里，她显得疲惫，可在我看来，她没什么问题。这表示了她那种无所谓的态度。II某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象1使用疑问词who，which，what， how，when，where，why的特殊疑问句可以用降调也可以用升调，但含义是不同的。如：4）A：MrSmith thinks we ought to get the money i英语的语调总的特点是，
7、全句的调子一般都是由高逐渐降低，语调主要表现在句末，升调和降调通常分别用“”和“”来表示。（1）升调升调常用来表示不肯定，语意未完，或表示礼貌，常有含蓄、委婉、安慰、虚心征求意见等意味。升调的用法可归纳为以下五种情况：一般疑问句通常用升调。Is he making a kite?Are they cleaning the classroom?Was the traffic very busy?.Does your uncle like making things, too?Did he go there alone last night?Must we wash our clothes now
8、?Has your father finished the work yet?数数、列举事物或列举一连串的动作时，除最后那个并列成分用降调外，前面所有的并列成分都要用升调。Lets count our new books. One, two, three, four, five. Oh, we have five new books.Wed like a bottle of coke, two bottles of apple juice, a hamburger and two cakes.John likes running, swimming and skating, but he do
9、esnt like playing football, basketball or volleyball.He got up, got dressed, brushed his teeth, washed his face, had his breakfast, and then quickly went to school.The old man came in, asked for a cup of tea and sat down at a table.选择疑问句的语调分为两个部分，or前的部分用升调，or后的部分用降调，记成“前升后降”。Is her answer right or w
10、rong?Were they in the high jump or the long jump?Would you like a cup of tea or a glass of milk?Do you go to school late or early?Which colour do you like better, light blue or dark blue?Which do you prefer, going to the cinema or going swimming?反意疑问句的语调也得分两种情况：若说话者对所陈述的内容没有把握，想询问对方这一廉洁是否正确，则陈述句部分用降
11、调，简略问句用升调；若说话者对所陈述的内容已经很有把握，只是想要对方同意自己的观点，或是想从对方那里得到证实，则前后两部分都用降调。-Your uncle is tall, isnt he? -No, hes very short.You like apples, dont you?He went to London with his family, didnt he?- You wont go there tomorrow, will you? - Yes, I will.- His sister has never been to Beijing, has she? - No, sheha
12、snt.- Its a fine day, isnt it? - Yes, it is.Its quite a nice picture, isnt it?You were born in 1989. So you are fifteen, arent you?含状语从句的复合句的语调也要分两种情况：若主句在前，从句在后，主句结束时意思已比较完整，则通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；但是，若从句在前，主句在后，则常常是“前升后降”。I was drawing a picture when my mother came back.When she got to the station, t
13、he train had already left.（2）降调在英语句子中，降调的使用比升调更为广泛，它表示肯定、决断、坚决或终结，但有时含有生硬、不容质疑的意味。降调的用法可归纳为以下七种：陈述句用降调：Lucy is cleaning her bedroom.Li Lei doesnt have a watch.I like swimming.Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.Ive been to Beijing only once.特殊疑问句也用降调：Whose is this coat?What happened to her
14、car?What have you done with your my bike?Which shirt do you like?Where does your English teacher come from?When is Teachers Day?Why didnt Jim come to school yesterday?How long have you been at this school?How soon will they finish the work?表示命令的祈使句也常用降调：David, open the door.Go and ask your father.Put on your coat.Dont throw it on the floor.Dont put your feet on the desk.Dont run so fast.Lets go to the zoo.Lets go and have a look.问候用语常用降调，以示真诚：Good morning.Good evening.Good afternoon.How are you?感谢用语也常用降调，以表示诚挚的谢意：Thank you.Thanks a lot.Thank you very
