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1、北京四中英语语法知识难点（二）（四）动词时态、语态I 要点1、一般现在时（1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态， 常与 sometimes, always, often, every day 等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.（2）表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.2、现在进行时（1） 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与 now, at present 等时间状语 连用。如：What are you doing now?（2）和 always, continually
2、等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情 感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去， 对现在仍有影响， 或动作一直延续到现在， 或可能 还要继续下去，常与 just, already, so far, once, never等词连用。如 :Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般将来时 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 tomorrow, next year 等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going
3、 to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态， 常与 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.6、过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday?7、过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如： The train had already left before we arrived.8、一
4、般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he would come, but he didnt.9、被动语态被动语态的时态，以 give 为例。时式 , 一般 , 进行 , 完成现在 ,amis givenare ,amis beingare ,hasbeen givenhave过去 ,wasgivenwere ,wasbeing given were ,had been given将来 ,shallbe givenwill , ,shallhave been givenwill过去将来 ,shouldbe givenwould , ,shouldhave b
5、een givenwouldII 例题例1 I learned that her fatherin 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：该题正确答案为E。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的 动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语 in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态， 而用一般过去时态。例 2 The five-year-old girlby her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词
6、的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。(五) 动词虚拟语气I 要点表示说的话不是事实， 或者是不可能发生的情况， 而是一种愿望、 建议或与事 实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。1、虚拟语气的构成情景 , 条件从句的谓语动词 , 主句的谓语动词 与现在事实相反,动词过去式 (be要用were) ,should+动词原形would与过去事实相反 ,had + 过去分词 ,should+have+过 去分词would与将来事实相反 , 1、动词过去时2、should +动词原形3、were to + 动词原形，should动词原形wo
7、uld注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有 were 或 had, should, could 有时可将 if 省去, 但要倒装。如：Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.2、虚拟语气在各种从句的主应用(1) 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是 should( 可省) 动词原形 ，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：It is n ecessary (importa nt, n atural, stra nge, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no
8、won der, etc) that句型三： It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.(2) 在宾语从句中用于 suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, co
9、mmand 等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓 语形式是 (should)+ 动词原形 。如：I suggest that we (should) go swimming.(3) 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句 中的主语通常是 suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea 等。从句谓语 形式是(should) +动词原形。如：His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.(4) 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是(should) +动词原形。如： We receive
10、d order that the work be done at once.(5) 在It is time that句型中，其谓语动词形式是动词的过去式或should +动词原形 ,should 不可省。如：Its time (that) we went (or should go) to school.II 例题例1 We had hoped that heIon ger.A stays B should stay C stayed D would stay解析：该题正确答案为D。had hoped表示本希望，同样用法的动词还有think, expect 等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例 2 M
11、ary wants to see you today.I would rather she tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解析：该题正确答案为E。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例3 Had she been older, she it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older = If she had been old.故该题正确答案为E。(六) 短语动词I
12、 要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体， 其用法有的相当于及物动词， 有 的相当于不及物动词， 有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。 英语短语动词的 构成主要有以下六种：(1) 动词+介词常见的有 look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others. I didnt care about it.（2） 动词+副词常见的有 give up, pick up, think o
13、ver, find out, hand in, point out 等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边； 宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3) 动词+副词+介词常见的有 look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to
14、 no more than $100.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4) 动词+名词+介词常见的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.（5）动词+形容词常见的有 leave open, set free, cut open 等。这类短语
15、动词的宾语如果是 名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边， 也可放在后边； 宾语如果是人称代词或反身 代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6) 动词+名词常见的有 take place, make friends 等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（ 7 ）辨析give away（ 让给，暴露 ） 和 give up （放弃，停止） put away （放起，收起） 和 put out （扑灭） turn up （出席，放大） 和 turn on （打开） keep out （阻止） 和 keep off （不让靠近） make up （编造，补上） 和 make out （辨认） take off （脱，起飞） 和 take out （拿出）II 例题例1 It is
