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1、 .wd.Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进展公共管理改革Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种到达目的的手段，而并非目的本身。To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地到达多种目的的手段。These include maki
2、ng saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支经济，提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的时机。On the w
3、ay to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials 公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员 from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities
4、 to manage and enhance the governments accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和方案实施中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的时机。Last, but not least, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacy be
5、nefits of management reform. 最后，但并非最不重要的是，我们还应该注意公共管理改革的象征性与合法性意义。For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seem to be doing something. 这些好处对于政治家而言，至少可被人们认为他们正在有所作为。Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the futur
6、e, restructuring ministries and agenciesall these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse 支持、赞成、信奉 them. 比方宣布进展改革，批评官僚主义，表扬新的管理技术，许诺在未来改良服务，重组部门和办事机构所有这些活动都能把有利的注意力吸引到主张这些事情的政治家身上。A cynic 玩世不恭者、愤世嫉俗者、好挖苦人的人、好嘲笑的人 might observe that, in these days when the power
7、of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions 对表示疑心、认为有问题、对表示异议、非难、疑心、质疑 by a complex interplay of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can dowith the appearance of dynamism 活力 but at little immediate costis to anno
8、unce changes in their own machinery 机械、机构、机制 of governance. 一个愤世嫉俗的人可能会发现，近来，由于地方、国家和国际限制等复杂的相互作用，单个政府独立行动的权力能力日益受到质疑，政府部长们通常所能做的事情以充满活力的面貌出现却仅需极小的直接代价就是在他们自己管辖机构内部宣布改革。There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably, play important parts in shaping and implement
9、ing such initiatives. They may gain in reputation by association with “modernizing and “streamlining activities. 这对那些在提出和执行这样的建议时几乎总要扮演重要角色的高级官员们也有合法性的好处。他们可能会因这些“现代化和“合理化流程优化的工作而赢得声誉。If management reform really does produce cheaper, more efficient government, with higher-quality services and more e
10、ffective programs, and if it will simultaneously enhance political control, free managers to manage, make government more transparent and boost 促进、增加、提高、改善、宣传 the images of those ministers and mandarins 国语、官话、满清官吏、旧中国的官员、官僚 most involved, then it is little wonder that it has been widely trumpeted 吹喇
11、叭、吹嘘. 如果管理改革真会产生一个能提供高质量服务和有效方案的更廉价、更高效的政府，如果它同时还会强化政治控制，让管理者放手去管理，使政府更透明，并且能提升最积极参与的部长和官员们的形象，那么它被广泛鼓吹也就缺乏为奇。Unfortunately, however, matters are not so simple. 不幸的是，事情并非如此简单。There is a good deal of evidence to show that management reforms can go wrong. 众多证据说明，管理改革会走入歧途。They may fail to produce the
12、claimed benefits. 它们可能无法产生那些宣称的好处。They may even generate perverse 堕落的、不正当的、违反常情的、有悖常理的、不合人意的、不当的 effects that render the relevant administrative progresses worse (in some important senses) than they were previously. 它们甚至可能导致相反不当的结果，从而使相关的行政过程在某些重要的方面变得比以前更糟。When a local authority “home help (domesti
13、c care) service for elderly and disabled people is reshaped along quasi-market lines, with a split between the authority purchasing the service and the providing it, we may consider this a typical “reform. 比方，某个地方当局一项为老人和残疾人提供“家庭帮助家庭照顾的方案按照准市场的原则进展了重新修改，将购置服务的当局和提供服务的成员别离开来，我们可将此视为一项典型的“改革。 When, ho
14、wever, we discover that the contract drawn up for the service is 700 pages long and that the actual service provided seems to have changed very little in either quality or quantity, then doubt sets in 降临、开场、到来. 然而，如果我们发现，为这项服务而起草的合同文件厚达700页，而实际提供的服务在数量上和质量上只有非常小的改变时，质疑就开场产生了。We wonder if more trust
15、between the parties concerned might not be a more efficient option, enabling a much shorter contract (or no contract at all) and radically reduced monitoring costs. 我们会想，在相关方之间建设更多的信任也许会是更好的选择，这样，合同文件就会简短得多甚至可能 根本不需要合同，并且会大大减少监视费用。Furthermore, even if a particular reform clearly “succeeds in respect
16、 of one or two of the objectives mentioned above (savings, say, and improvement in quality) it is unlikely that it will succeed in all. 此外，即便一项特定的改革确实在上面提到的一个或两个目标方面节余、宣示和质量改良获得了“成功，它也不可能完全获得成功。Indeed, we shall argue later that certain trade-offs 权衡、取舍、交易、妥协 and dilemmas are exceedingly common in administrative change, so that the achievement of one or two particular ends m
