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1、DefenseMechanismsDefensemechanisms,alsocalledego-defensemechanismsormentalmechanisms,areputintoplaybytheegotoprotectthepersonalityfromanxietyassociatedwiththeconflictsofinternaldrivesanddesires.Allofthedefensemechanismsexceptsuppressionareunconscious.Defensemechanismsareanimportantpartoftheadaptivep
2、rocessthatallowstheindividualtocontinuewiththedailytasksoflivinginthefaceofinternalandexternalconflicts.Howeverobviousanotherpersonsmethodsofcopingmayappear,theyarenotthatobvioustotheindividualusingthem.Everyoneusesdefensemechanismstoobtainrelieffromemotionalconflictandanxiety.Healthyindividualsmayu
3、semanyofthemthroughouttheirlivesintimesofstress.Forexample,manypeoplecommonlyuserationalizationtojustifyideas,actions,orfeelings;reduceguilt;andmaintainrespectandsocialapproval.Butaslongastheindividualisgrowingandprogressingemotionallyanabletosolvemostproblemsinamannercongruentwithhisorherstageofdev
4、elopment,thenthepersonismostlikelynotindangerofmaladaptiveuseofdefensemechanisms.Problemsarisewhenanindividualusesthesamedefensemechanismrepeatedly,totheexclusionofreality,probablybecausetheindividualperceivesmostsituationsasthreateningeventhoughtheymaynotbeviewedassuchbyothers.Forexample,thepersonw
5、hoconstantlyprojectshisorherownnegativefeelings,attitude,orbeliefsontoanotherpersonisdemonstratingarigid,maladaptiveuseofadefensemechanism.Oneofthereasonspeopledeveloppsychiatricproblemsisbecausetheegolosesitsabilitytousedefensemechanismsinawaythatrelievesthepersonspsychicpain.Putanotherway,theirpsy
6、chicstressisgreaterthantheegosabilitytorelieveitthroughhealthyuseofdefensemechanisms.Amajortaskfornursing,then,isnottoremovetheclientsdefensemechanismsthroughexposureandconfrontationbutrathertohelptheclientdevelopgreateregostrengththroughthedevelopmentofastrong,therapeuticalliance.Astheclientdevelop
7、strust,buildsself-esteem,andlearnstoacceptfailurewithoutfearofconsequences,heorshemaybeabletoletgoofrigidmaladaptivedefensesandbegintousehealthy,flexible,adaptivedefensemechanisms.DEFENSEMECHANISMSRepression（潜抑）Inrepressionunacceptablefeelingsorthoughtsareautomaticallypushedintoonesunconsciousness.T
8、heymaybepainful,traumaticconflictsinvolvingsuchthingsassexualmolestationorrapeorthefeelingexperiencedduringalife-threateningaccidentorillness.Repressionisanoperativeforceintheuseofalldefensemechanismsandisnecessaryforthesurvivaloftheorganism.Itisbelieved,however,thatifimportantconflictsarenotresolve
9、dduringcriticalstagesofgrowthanddevelopment,repressedmaterialcanresultindisorderedormaladaptivebehaviorlaterinlife.Introjection*（内射）Introjectionbeginsininfancyandinvolvestheincorporationofcharacteristictraits,attitudes,andideasofsignificantpersons.Theearlyintrojectsarethemostimportantbecausetheyarei
10、nfluentialintheformationofmorals,values,andconscience.Introjectionhasbeencalledanintenseformofidentification.Intheareaofpsychiatryandmentalhealth,theclienthasopportunitiestointrojecthealthy,desirablequalitiesfromnursesandotherhealthcareprofessionals.Identification（仿同）Identificationinvolvesthedesireo
11、rwishtoemulateorbelikeanotherpersonandtoassumethemannerisms,style,ordressofthatindividual.Mostnotableduringadolescence,whenonesidentificationwithpeersisacriticalpartofhealthygrowthanddevelopment,itpromotesacceptanceandsecuritythatprovidetheadolescentwiththestrongsenseofself-esteemnecessaryforthediff
12、iculttasksofadulthood.Itactuallybeginsinearlychildhood（ages3to6）whenidentificationwiththeparentofthesamesexisacriticaldevelopmentaltask.Projection（外射）Inprojectionanindividualprojectsontoothersunwantedorundesirablefeelings,thoughts,andattitudesrelatedtoself.Heorshemayblameothersforfaults,maladaptiveb
13、ehaviors,andothernegativequalitiesthatareunacceptabletotheself.Projectionbeginsinearlychildhood,whenthechildrealizesthatconsequencesarelessthreateningifheorsheassignstheblametoasiblingforspillingaglassofmilkorbreakingavaluedobject,forexample.Projectionisnotedinpeoplewithsubstanceusedisorders,whofind
14、iteasiertoblameeveryoneelsefortheirhabitratherthanseekhelp.Itisusedtoapathologicdegreeinclientswithparanoiddisorders,whoprojecttowardotherstheirownunhealthyfeelingsofmistrust,suspiciousness,andhostility.Paranoidandpersecutorydelusionsreflectprojectilepatterns,inthattheclientassignshisorherownlackofs
15、elf-trusttoothersintheenvironment.Displacement（转移）Indisplacementanindividualdischargesordisplacesfeelingsandemotions（suchasfrustration,hostility,oranxiety）ontoanotherperson,object,orsituationthatislessthreateningthantheactualsource.Simple,adaptiveformsofdisplacementincludeslammingadoororkickingthewa
16、llafterthebossrefusesarequestforapayincrease.Suchinnocuousactsreleasepent-upemotionswithoutfearofnegativeconsequences.Anexampleofamoreintenseuseofdisplacementisnoted,accordingtopsychoanalytictheory,insomeformsofphobicbehavior.Thefearedobjectoreventisbelievedtobeasymbolofanearlychildhoodconflictthathasbeensuccessfullyrepressed,suchassexualmolestationorabuse.Thefeelingsexperiencedwhenthepersonisconfrontedwiththefearedobjectoreventaredisplacedfromtheearlyconfli
