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1、 英文文献:SMART CARD for SMART CAMPUSKFUPM Case StudyTala1 Halawani and Mohamed MohandesKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineralsmohandeskfuum.edu. SaAbstractSmart card is the latest addition in the world of information technology. The vision of the smart card program is to provide access to servic
2、es that is secure, fast,friendly, easy to use, flexible, personal, and is accessible by the users kom anyplace at any time. A smart card is of the size of a conventional credit card with an embedded computer chip that stores and transacts data between users and devices. This data is associated with
3、either value or information or both and is stored and processed within the chip of the card. The card data is transacted via a card reader attached to a computing system as a peripheral device. Smart cards are extensively used through several key applications like education, healthcare, banking, ent
4、ertainment, and transportation.1. IntroductionSmart card is a mini-computer capable of storing and processing data. Although, at -present, they are most popular as single-function cash cards and long-distance calling cards, their capabilities range from retaining tickets, money, frequent flyer miles
5、, travel preferences, insurance information, key demographic data, links to a patients medical records, to allowing access into a building, logging onto a network, etc. The potential of the smart card is limitless. With the added bonus of these functions being performed on a single card, smart cards
6、 have the ability to become indispensable tools. Smart cards were first introduced in Europe a couple of decades ago as a stored value tool for pay phones to reduce theft I. As smart cards and other chip-based cards advanced, people found new ways to use them, such as charging cards for credit purch
7、ases and for record keeping in place of paper. Smart cards provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. They provide protection against a full range of security threats, kom careless storage of user passwords to sophisticated system hacks. Smart card can be multi-functional through the
8、 use of several applications stored on the card. This paper starts with the history of smart cards and describes the different types of smart cards with characteristics of each type. Finally, the paper will detail KFUPM smart card system as an important case study in the field.2. The History of Smar
9、t CardsThe first plastic payment card for general use was issued by the Dinners Club in 1950. At first the cards functions were quite simple 2. They initially served as data carriers that were secure against forgery and tampering. General information, such as the card issuers name, was printed on th
10、e surface while personal data elements, such as the cardholders name and the card number were embossed. Further more, many cards bad a signature field. Protection against forgery was provided by visual features. Therefore, the systems security depended completely on the retail staff accepting the ca
11、rds. However, this was not an overwhelming problem due to the cards initial exclusivity. There was a pressing need for machine-readable cards to reduce handling cost in addition to the fact that card issuers losses due grew from year to year due to fraud 2.The first improvement consisted of a magnet
12、ic strip on the back of the card. This allowed digital data to be stored on the card in a machine-readable form as a supplement to the visual data. Additionally, security is enhanced by the use of a secret personal identification number (PIN) that is compared to a reference number stored in the magn
13、etic strip 3. Although the embossed card with a magnetic strip is still the most commonly used type of payment card, they suffer from a severe weakness in that data stored on the strip can be read, deleted and rewritten by anyone with access to the appropriate equipment. PIN must be stored in the ho
14、st system in a secure environment, instead of on the magnetic strip. Most systems that employ magnetic strip cards have on-line connections to the systems host computer for security reasons. However, this generates considerable data transmission costs.The development of the smart card, combined with
15、 the expansion of electronic data processing has created completely new possibilities for solving this problem. Progress in microelectronics in the 1970s made it possible to integrate data storage and arithmetic logic on a single silicon chip measuring a few square millimeters 2. The ideas of incorp
16、orating such an integrated circuit into an ID card was contained in a patent application filed in Japan by Kunitaka Arimura in Japan concerning “a plastic card incorporating one or more integrated circuit chips for the generationof distinguishing signals” in1970 3. However, the first real progress in the development of smart cards came when Ronal Moreno registered his smart card patent on “an independent electronic object with mem
