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1、UNIT 5LAUNCHING YOUR CAREERSection Learning About Language单元语法精析单元语法精析长句长句(Long Sentences)多因含有较多较长的修饰成分或包含多个并列句或从句而使得整个句子变长。一、长句的主要类型1含有较多成分的简单句(同位语、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语、状语、插入语)；2含有多个简单句的并列句；3并列句和主从复合句并存。The average number of days with heavy pollution in cities at county level and above has dropped from 10
2、 to 6.(主语：number谓语：has dropped)县级及以上城市重度污染的平均天数从10天下降到6天。Since 2013,China has rolled out a series of State-level regional development strategies to create new economic growth poles,push forward integrated and coordinated development,and explore ways of sustainable development for future generations.
3、(主语：China谓语：has rolled out 宾语：strategies)自2013年以来，中国推出一系列国家级区域发展战略，着力打造新的经济增长极，推进一体化协调发展，探索子孙后代可持续发展之路。J即学即练找出下列句中的主语、谓语和宾语Holding the 3rd China International Import Expo during COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control shows Chinas determination to further open up its market and to continue to contr
4、ibute to world economic recovery and development.主语：_谓语：_宾语：_Holding the 3rd China International Import Expo(动名词短语)showsdeterminationNoted oil painter Zhao Peizhi,born in Northwest Chinas Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,was exposed to the rich history and cultures of various ethnic groups living in
5、 the area during childhood.主语：_谓语：_宾语：_painterwas exposed tohistory and cultures二、句子的三种基本类型如果按照句子的结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类别：简单句(Simple Sentence)、并 列 句(Compound Sentence)和 复 合 句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构，主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。1简单句(Simple Sentence)简单句只有一个主谓结构。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。简单句还可以有定语、
6、状语等句子成分。(2022全国新高考卷)Volunteers will wash，cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥这些食物，以便在路上用餐。Many young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters.许多年轻艺术家们被建议通过临摹大师们的作品来学习。2并列句(Compound Sentence)并列句有两个或两个以上存在并列、对等关系的主谓结构。从语法上讲，这些主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，没有从属关系。但是它们在意
7、思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系，使它们有必要构成并列句。在并列句中，并列连词用来连接两个或几个主谓结构，即连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。Computers are used widely in most countries now,and they are a sign of progress.现在计算机在大多数国家被广泛使用，它们是进步的标志。She is tall,while her elder sister is short.她很高，而她姐姐很矮。3复合句(Complex Sentence)复合句由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordina
8、te Clause)构成，即有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在，从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。(1)主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词 that,whether，if 和连接代词 what,who,which，whatever,whoever以及连接副词 how,when,where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从
9、句中充当从句的成分。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语 it代替主语从句放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。What the doctor is uncertain about is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.医生不能确定的是我母亲是否会很快从这个严重的疾病中康复。It is recommended that the project not be started until all the preparations have been made.建议在所有准备工作完成后再开始这项工程。(2)宾语从句用
10、作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词与主语从句、表语从句大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省。在 demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command，doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“(should)动词原形”。who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatev
11、er,whichever等引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，但句子语序要用陈述语序。(3)表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句大致一样，表语从句位于系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语系动词从句(若用 that引导从句时，that不能省略)。(4)同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。后跟同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，
12、word等。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句，不能省略)我不知道你在这里。Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略)你明白这本书让你了解古希腊的生活了吗？(5)定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语，修饰
13、一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。(6)状语从句状语从句(Adverbial Clause)指起副词作用的句子。可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其意义可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由从属连词引导，也可以由词组(如the moment等)引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。J即学即练在空白处填入适当的引导词(2022全国乙卷改编)_ technology might make day-to-day commu
14、nication possible,extra effort goes a long way on special days.(2021天津卷改编)Feeling fearful is healthy _ it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.(2021全国新高考卷改编)Silent onstage communication is key,and each pianist has their own style of“nodding”to indicate a page turn _ they need to practise
15、with their page turner.Although/Though/Whilebecause/as/sincewhich/that(2021全国新高考卷改编)_ the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America,the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.(2021北京卷改编)The poor woman wasnt able to give him any information about _ she l
16、ived.(2021全国新高考卷改编)Research has shown _ emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities,but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.Whenwherethat(2021全国新高考卷改编)Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of _ research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.(2021全国新高考卷改编)It was so tiny _ we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.(2021全国新高考卷改编)_ someone noted in this paper a
