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1、宾语从句 宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如： He said （that） he wanted to stay at home. She doesnt know （that）she is ill. I am sure （that） he will succeed.2. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”，不能省略。例如： I want to know
2、if（whether）he lives there. He asked me whether（if）I could help him.3. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如： Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I dont
3、 know why the train is late.【宾语从句歌诀】宾语从句三姐妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，一般疑问用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。【歌诀解码】一、三姐妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型： 1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如 We knew（that）we should learn from each other. 注意1: 否定转移 ：在复合句
4、中，若主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose expect等，且主语是第一人称时，宾语从句的否定概念一般要转移到主句中去，即通常所说的否定前移， 从句中的否定往往在主句中体现。如： I dont think you are right. I dont believe that they have finished their work. I dont think he cares, does he? 2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如 Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.注意1：在动词不定式之前
5、只能用whether 如： I cant decide whether to stay. 注意2：在whether or not 的固定搭配中 如：I want to know whether its good news or not . 注意3：在介词后，只能用whether 如：His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 注意4：条件状语从句不能用whether引导,如： Please inform him of the news if he comes back before 10 oclock. 3. 由who，wher
6、e，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office? 二、三关1. 引导词关 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2. 语序关：宾语从句必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语+） 陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如： He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（
7、that）he was an honest boy. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如： Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. When did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left.3. 时态关 如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如： I have heard（that）he will come back next week. 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：He sa
8、id（that）there were no classes yesterday. 注意： 3、当宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言警句、谚语等，不管主句是什么时态，从句一律用一般现在时。如： He said that light travels much faster than sound. 三、人称的变化和标点的使用 1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如： “May I use your knife?” He asked me. He asked me if he might use my
9、 knife. “Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me.He asked me if I know her telephone number. 2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a talk? I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? Do you know where he lives? 四、两副面孔（以后讲） if和when既能引
10、导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如： If it rains tomorrow, I wont come.（时间状语从句） I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句） 五、从句的简化 1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lyin
11、g on the ground. 2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths. 3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the station? Can you tell me how to get to the station?
