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1、Appreciation of English Poetry What is poetry? Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic choices so as to evole an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is an ancient form t
2、hat has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define. 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。 英诗浩如烟海，篇幅长短不一。以下四个方面的内容：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判，
3、可以有助于更好地了解欣赏英诗。 一、诗的格律 (Meter/Measure) 一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanza/strophe），每节又分为若干诗行（line/verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步则是由一定数目的重音节（stressed syllable）和非重读音节（unstressed syllable）按照一定的规则排列而成的。音步的排列方式则构成英语的格律。依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。格律是是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分
4、析单位。重读音节为扬（重），非重读音节为抑（轻），音步之间可用“”隔开。以下是四种常见格式： 1 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus; the Iambic Foot：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a / the seas / gang dry: 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉。又如：She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the
5、 nightOf cloud /less climes /and star/ry skies;And all /thats best /of dark /and brightMeet in/ her as/pect and/ her eyes. 再如：The trum/pet of /a pro/phecy! /O wind, If win/ter comes, /can Spring /be far/ behind?2扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee; the Trochaic Foot：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 Tell me /not in /mournful /num
6、bers, Life is /but an /empty /dream! For the /soul is /dead that /slumbers, And things /are not /what they /seem.又如： Rich the /treasure, Sweet the /pleasure.2 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest; the Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如： Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and u
7、nbuild / it again. 又如：For the moon /never beams /without bring/ing me dreamsOf the beau/tiful An/nabel Lee;And the stars /never rise /but I see/ the bright eyesOf the beau/tiful An/nabel Lee;4扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactyl; the Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如： Touch her not / scornfully, Think of her / mou
8、rnfully. 又如： Cannon to /right of them, Cannon to /left of them Cannon in /front of them Volleyd and /thunderd此外抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot也较为常见，即每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如： O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight. Lines are also described in terms of the number of feet t
9、hat occur in them.1. monometer: verse written in one-foot lines.2. dimeter: verse written in two-foot lines.3. trimeter: verse written in three-foot lines.4. tetrameter: verse written in four-foot lines.5. pentameter: verse written in five-foot lines.6. hexameter: verse written in six-foot lines.7.
10、heptameter: verse written in seven-foot lines.在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。 二、诗的押韵 (Rhyme/Rime)押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。 1尾韵(End rhyme)：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。 1）联韵(Running rhyme)：aabb型。 I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
11、 Could not follow it in its flight. 2）交叉韵(Alternating)：abab型。 Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, 3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用i:p为韵脚。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles t
12、o go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. 2头韵(Alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. 3内韵Internal ryhme（同元音）(Assonance)：指词与词之间元音的重复形成的内
13、部押韵。 下面一节诗中i重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。 Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! 三、诗的体式（Form） 有的诗分成几节（stanza/strophe），每节由若干诗行(line/verse)组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分
14、节。目前我们常见的诗体有： 1十四行诗 (Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde), the Italian Sonnet or The Patrarchan Sonnet。前八行提问，后六行回答。 后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。 斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab, bc
15、bc,cdcd,ee(the Spenserian Sonnet)。莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式(the English Sonnet)或莎士比亚式( the Shakespearean Sonnet)。 Edmund Spenser - Sonnet 75 One day I wrote her name upon the strand, But came the waves and washed it away: Again I wrote it with a second hand, But came the tide, and made my pains his prey. Vain man, said she, that doest in vain assay A mortal thing so to immortalize, For I myself shall like t
