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1、现在完成时（The present perfect tense）的用法小结一、构成：助动词have / hasp.p（动词的过去分词）二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 副词的位
2、置：just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has主语ever 过去分词？“曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not y
3、et.already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： for表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。 since表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. since表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. si
4、nce一段时间ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all ones life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he li
5、ved here?四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：com
6、e，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（） 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如I havent heard from my father
7、 for a long time. We havent seen him since 1999.六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all ones life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It
8、is / has been时间since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）（3）用“时间has passedsince一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has le
9、ft home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.How long
10、 has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in /at / be here /be there, begin / startbe on , openbe o
11、pen , closebe closed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall illbe ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amember, join the armybe in the army /be a soldier, receive
12、/ get a letterhave a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy, 他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It i
13、s three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1） 一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,
14、但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago,
15、 just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all ones life等八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加ed（d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got, sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 在原形后加t或d:spo
