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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语语言学教安 Date：Lecture 1 Chapter 1 IntroductionI. Objectives: Students are to learn the following from this lecture: 1.What linguistics is? 2.The scope of linguistics 3.Some important distinctions in linguisticsII. Procedures1. Get to know each other. (5)2. Introduce the course, the textb
2、ook as well as the s. (10)3. Requirements and evaluation of the course. (5)4. New Contents:(70”)1.1What linguistics is (20)1.1.1 DefinitionLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It tries to answer the basic questions“What is language?”“How does language work?”，and“What
3、 rules there are that govern the structure of language?It probes into various problems related to language such as “What do all languages have in common?”“What range of variation is fotmd among languages?”，“What makes language change?”“To what extent are social class differences reflected in languag
4、e?”，How does a child acquire his mother tongue?”, and many others1.1.2.The scope of linguistics (25) 1.General Linguistics 普通语言学The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts，theoriesdescriptions，models and methods applicable in any linguisti
5、c study，in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas2. Phonetics语音学The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics3. Phonology音位学 Phonology studies how sounds are put together and used to convey incaning in
6、conmmnication4. Morphology形态学 The sounds used in linguistic communication are represented by symbols，iemorphemesMorphology studies the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words5. Syntax句法 Syntax studies the rules how the combination of words to form granmlatically permissibl
7、e sentences in languages6. Semantics语义学 But the ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentencesIn most general terms language is used to convey meaningSemantics studies the meaning7. Pragmatics语用学 Language communication does not occur in a vacuum；it always oc
8、curs in a contextWhen the StUdy of meaning is conducted，not in isolation，but in the context of language use. Pragmatics studies the context of language use 8. Interdisciplinary branches of linguistic study1) Scociolinguistics社会语言学 Sociolinguistics studies the sociological aspects of language.2) Psyc
9、holinguistics心理语言学 Psycholinguistics draws from linguistics and psychology and focuses upon the comprehension and production of language.3)Applied Linguistics应用语言学 Applied Linguistics (AL) provides the theoretical and descriptive foundations for the investigation and solution of language-related pro
10、blems, especially those of language education (first-language, second-language and foreign-language teaching and learning), but also problems of translation and interpretation, lexicography, forensic linguistics and (perhaps) clinical linguistics.1.1.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics (23
11、)1. prescriptive vs. descriptivePrescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”
12、 behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2.synchronic vs. diachronicLanguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the de
13、scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.3. speech vs. writing Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern
14、 linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need ar
15、ises. Even in todays world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigatio
