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1、Properties of Structure Steel钢结构的性能Stell is one of the most widely used structural materials . The advantages of structural steel are discussed in the following paragraphs.钢是一种最广泛使用的结构材料.下面我们就讨论下钢结构的优点.High Strength The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that structure weights will be s
2、mall. This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall buildings, and structures having poor foundation conditions.高强度 钢材每单位重量的高强度意味着结构的重量将是小的。这个事实对大跨的桥梁、高 层建筑以及有着薄弱地基条件的结构具有重要意义。Uniformity The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time as do those of reinforced concrete str
3、ucture.一致性 钢材的性能随时间的变化不明显，正如钢筋混凝土结构的性能也随时间变化不明 显。Elasticity Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows Hookes law up to fairly high stresses. The moments of inertia of a steel structure can be definitely calculated while the value obtained for a reinforced conc
4、rete structure are rather indefinite.弹性 比起大多数材料，钢材的运行更接近于设计的假定，因为它直到相当高的应力仍然 遵循虎克定理。一个钢结构的惯性矩可以确切地被计算，而钢筋混凝土结构得到的该值是非常得不确切。Permanence Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely . Research on some of the newer steels indicates that under certain conditions no painting maintenanc
5、e whatsoever will be required.持久性 适当维护的钢框架将会长期地维持下去。对一些较新钢材的研究显示在某些条件 下，一点也不需要涂漆的维护。Ductility The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses is said to be its ductility. When a mild or low-carbon structural steel member is being
6、 tested in tension , a considerable reduction in cross section and a large amount elongation will occur at the point of failure before the actual fracture occurs. A material that does not have this property is generally unacceptable and is probably hard and brittle and might break if subjected to a
7、sudden shock .延性 材料在高的拉应力下能承受大的变形而不破坏的性能被称为是延性。当一根低碳结 构钢构件正在进行受拉测试时，在实际的断裂发生之前，在破坏点处将会发生横断面的大大缩小以及产 生很大的伸长。不具有这种性能的材料通常是不被接受的，并且该材料可能是坚硬和脆性的，如果承受 一个突然的冲击，可能会断裂。In structural members under normal loads, high stress concentrations develop at various points. The ductile nature of the usual structural s
8、teels enables them to yield locally at those points, thus preventing premature failures. A further advantage of ductile structures is that when overloaded their large deflections give visible evidence of impending failure .在正常荷载下的结构构件中，在不同的点上会形成高应力集中。普通结构钢延性的特点使它 们在这些点上局部地屈服，这样阻止了过早的破坏。延性结构的另一个优势是当超
9、载时，它们的大变形 显示出明显的即将破坏的迹象Fracture Toughness Structural steels are tough that is, they have both strength and ductility. A steel member loaded until it has large deformations will still be able to withstand large forces. This is a very important characteristic because it means that steel members can be
10、 subjected to large deformations during fabrication and erection without fracture 一 thus allowing them to be bent, hammered, sheared , and have holes punched in them without visible damage. The ability of a material to absorb energy in large amounts is called toughness.结构钢是坚韧的；也就是说，它们既有强度又有延性。一根钢构件加
11、荷至大变形时将仍然能 够承受大的力。这是非常重要的特性，因为这意味着钢构件在制作和安装期间能承受大的变形而不断裂 这就允许它们被弯曲、锤击、剪切以及在上面冲孔而没有明显的损害。材料吸收大量能量的能力称为 韧性。Miscellaneous Several other important advantages of structural steel are, (a) ability to be fastened together by several simple connection devices including welds and bolts， (b) adaptation to pre
12、fabrication， (c) speed of erection ， (d) ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes， (e) fatigue strength ， (f) possible reuse after a structure is disassembled , and (g) scrap value , even though not reusable in its existing form.其它结构钢其它的一些重要优点是：(a)能够通过一些简单的连接方法包括焊缝和螺栓将其连接起来；(b)适合
13、预制；(c)安装速度；(d)能够轧制成各种各样的尺寸和形状；(e)疲劳强度;(f)在结构被分解后可能的再利用；以及(g)残余价值，即使不能以其已有的形式被再利用。钢材是 最终可循环的材料。In general,stell has the following disadvantages. 1 通常，钢材具有下列缺点。Maintenance Costs Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water and must therefore be periodically painted. Th
14、e use of weathering steels, in suitable design applications, tends to eliminate this cost. 大多数钢材在直接暴露于空气和水中时容易锈蚀，因此必须被定时地涂漆。在合适的设计应用中，采用 风化的钢材往往能避免该费用。Fireproofing Costs Although structural members are incombustible , their strength is tremendously reduced at temperatures commonly reached in fires w
15、hen the other materials in a building burn. Furthermore, steel is an excellent heat conductor such at nonfireproofed steel members may transmit enough heat from a burning section or compartment of a building to ignite materials with which they are in contact in adjoining sections of the building. As
16、 a result of these facts the steel frame of a building may have to be protected by materials with certain insulating characteristics, or the building may have to include a sprinkler system if it is to meet the building code requirements of the locality in question.防火费用 尽管结构构件具有不燃性，但它们的强度通常在火中达到的温度时会惊人地减 少，而建筑中的其它材料则会燃烧。很多火灾发生在空的建筑物中，这里着火的唯一燃料是建筑物自己。 而且，钢材是一个极好的导热体，不耐火的钢构件可以将一个房屋燃烧的区域或隔间的足够的热量传送 而使邻近建筑区域内与之接触的材料燃烧。根据这些现象，建筑物的钢框架可能不得不采用具有一定绝 热性能的材料加
