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1、A Study of Code余燕【Abstract】Code-SwitchingCSisaninterestinglinguisticphenomenonwhichreferstotheuseoftwoormorelinguisticvarietiesinthesameconversationorinteraction.ThefilmsofRushHourinvolvesagreatdealofCSandthusbecomesanidealmaterialtostudythelinguisticphenomenon.ThispaperisdedicatedtoanalyzingCSinfil
2、msofRushHourwithMyers-ScottonsMarkednessModel.【Keywords】Code-Switching;RushHour;MarkednessModelIntroduction1.ResearchBackgroundandobjectivesSincethe1970s，CShasbecomeaheatedresearchtopicforlinguists.Overthepastdecades，globalizationhaswitnessedasharpriseofCS.Itcanbeeasilyfoundineverydaylife.Forexample
3、，“Whatareyou弄啥嘞？hasbeenspreadasanetworkbuzzwordforitimpressespeoplewithfunniness.ThepopularRushHourfilmsmadeagooduseofCSEnglish，Chinese，CantoneseandJapanesetoachieveaneffectofhumor.Charactersinitswitchtheircodesaccordingtodifferentlanguageenvironments，purposesandsoon.Therefore，RushHourcanbetakenasan
4、idealcasetostudyCSphenomenon.ThisthesisismeanttoconductatheoreticalstudyofCSwithMyersScottonsMarkednessModelandisdedicatedtofindoutunderlyingmechanismsandfunctionsofCS.Indetails，thisthesisaimstosolvethefollowingquestions：1WhatarethecausesofCSinRushHour？2WhatcharacteristicsdoesCSinRushHourhave？3Whata
5、rethefunctionsofCSinRushHour？2.LiteratureReview2.1TheDefinitionofCSThetermCSrefersto“thealternateuseoftwoormorelanguageswithinthesameutteranceorduringthesameconversationHoffmann，1991.CS，acovertermforlanguageorcodealternations，isanextremelycommonoccurrenceandafavoredstrategy，especiallyinoraldiscourse
6、Verschuren，1999.2.2PreviousStudiesonCSInthe1970s，BlomandGumperzdistinguishedtwotypesofCSinSocialMeaninginStructure：CSinNorway.TheymadeadistinctionbetweensituationalandmetaphoricalCS.In1983，Myers-ScottonputforwardhisMarkednessModel.Theconcept“markednesswasfirstputforwardbyJakobson.Scottonputthisconce
7、ptintothestudyoflanguagevariationandthoughtthatthechoiceofcodealsohadadistinctionbetween“markedand“unmarked.3.TheoreticalFoundationWithextensivelinguistictheorybasis，MarkednessModelisadevelopmentofmarkednesstheoryincognitivepragmaticaspectZhuChanghe，2020.InMarkednessModel，membersinthesamelinguisticc
8、ommunityhavetheconsensusofwhatthesuitablecodeis，andtheknowledgethatchoosingmarkedcodesincertainsituationswillleadtospecialeffects.Scottonpresumesthatmarkednessmetric，speakerscompetencetoidentifymarkedcodes，iscontainedinChomskyspragmaticcompetence.Thecognitivesysteminspeakersmindwillobtainthecapabili
9、tyofunderstandingmarkednessthroughspeakersinteractionexperienceinhisorherspeechcommunity.3.1IndexicalityandEffectTwofundamentalnotionsinMarkednessModelareindexicalityandeffect.basedonindexicality，acodeisincludedintomarkedorunmarkedcategoriesaccordingtotheexpectationsaspeechcommunityhaveinspecificlan
10、guagesettings.Thechoicethatcanbepredicatedbysocialnormsisunmarked.However，whetheracodeismarkedornotisamatterofcontinuumandthereisnoclearcutbetweenthem.Effectislinkedtohowthelistenerprocessthespeakersintention.Scottonconsideredthatintention，theindirectmeaninginanutterance，canalsobeexpressedthroughCS.
11、InherCodesandConsequences，lotsofexamplesshowthatspeakersmayexpresscertainintentionbymeansofCS.3.2RightsandObligationsandNegotiationPrincipleScottonproposeda“RightsandObligationsprincipletheROset，whichreferstothemutualattitudesandexpectationsparticipantshaveforeachotherinaconversation.Unmarkedcodecho
12、icesformasetofunmarked“rightsandobligationswhilemarkedchoicesaremanifestationsofnegotiation.3.3RationalActorModelCodechoicesarecalculatedbyspeakersinordertogainmaximumbenefits.Firstly，asrationalactsattachimportancetocost-benefitanalysis，choicesarenecessarilyrelatedtopurposes.Secondly，rationalityisal
13、sothemechanismtoaccountforhowchoicesaremade.Thereasonsforspeakerstochoosecertaincodeisthattheywanttogetbenefitfromthechoiceofthemselves.4.TheAnalysisofCSinRushHourbyMarkednessModelInthefollowingdialogues，allspeakersinthedialogueshaveaconsensuswhichguidesthemtochoosemarkedorunmarkedcodeunderdifferent
14、circumstances.Andspeakersactofswitchingcodesisarationalandleadstosomeends.Particularly，CSasamarkedchoiceisaprocessofnegotiatingtoabolishthecurrentRightsandObligationsset，andmeanwhile，constructinganewsetofRightsandObligationsthespeakerwantsthelistenertoaccept.Dialogue1InAmericaTheChineseinspectorLeef
15、inallymettheChineseConsulHanafterfightingwithAmericanFBImembers：InspectorLeetoAmericanFBIinEnglish：Dontmove.toConsulinMandarin：對不起，我来晚了。ConsulHantoInspectorLeeinMandarin：你等一等啊。toAmericanFBI：Mr.Rose，Ithinkthereweresomemisunderstandings.Dialogue2InHongKongInspectorLeeandCarterwenttoaclubtoinvestigatea
16、murdercase.InspectorLee：Theydontliketouristhere，sotrytoblendin.Carter：whatdoyoumean？blendin？Iamtwofeettallerthaneverybodyhere.WaitressinCantonese：两位么？InspectorLeealsoinCantonese：是呀，我們只是想喝杯东西。WaitressinCantonese：随意啊。ThesetwodialoguesaretheexamplesofsequentialunmarkedCSforspeakerssocialidentitieshavechangedinthedialogues.Whenthespeakertalkedtohiscountryman，hespokemothertongue.When
