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1、动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较 一,作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种: (1)把不定式置于句首.如: To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如: It+be+名词+to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb + some time +to do How long did it take you to finish the work It+b
2、e+形容词+for sb +to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It+be+形容词+of sb +to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. It seems(appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult, easy, hard, impor
3、tant, impossible, necessary 等;在句型中,常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. 动名词作主语 Learning without practice
4、is no good. 动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如: Its +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its+形容词+doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式 代替,如:Its
5、 important for you to keep fit. There is no + doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于Its impossible to结构. 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如: Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语
6、,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如: Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二,作宾语 不定式作宾语 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如: I decided to ask
7、for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动 词+it+补语+to do句式.如: We think it qu
8、ite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but, except, besides +to do(do) 在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do.如: The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动名词作宾
9、语 以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, dont mind, give up, insist, on, put off等.如: I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your h
10、ealth. 动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech 动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing, lose no ti me(in)doing, prevent/stop(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等. 部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动
11、名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, start, hat e, like, love, need, require, want等. 在need, require, want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为. 在下列情况下,一般要用不定式: hate, like, love前有would(should)时,如:Id like to ha
12、ve a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时,如:The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand what was happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如: Our teachers d
13、ont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用. forget, remember, regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如: Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport Remember to close the windows bef
14、ore you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽
15、力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语) doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 to do不能帮助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势. Well go on fighting so long
