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1、二、1、炎症： inflammation 2、内脏的：Viscreal 3、预计，预测： estimate 4、子宫破裂： Uterine rupture5、死亡数、死亡率：mortality 6、缺氧：Hypoxia7、并发症： complication 8、流行性感冒：Epidemic influence9、常规的，一般的：regular 10、腹膜炎：Peritonitis 11、冠心病：coronary disease 12、生长因子：Growth factor13、免疫接种：immunization 14、胰腺炎：pencreatitis15、心电图：electrocardiogra
2、m 16、脊髓：spinal cord17、移植：transplantation 18、心源性猝死：sudden cardic disease19、低氧：hypoxemia 20、干细胞：stem cell三、1、In the management of the pregnant trauma patient,the critical point is that resuscitation of the fetus is accomplished by resuscitation of the mother.Therefore the initial evaluation and treatm
3、ent of the pregnant injured patient is identical to that of the nonpregnant injured patient.Rapid assessment of the maternal airway,breathing,and circulation and ensuring an adequate airway avoids maternal and fetal hypoxia.In the later stages of pregnancy,as already described,uterine compression of
4、 the vena cava may result in hypotension from diminished venous return,so the pregnant trauma patient should be placed in left lateral decubitus position.If spinal cord injury is suspected the patient may be secured to a backboard with pregnancy has important implications in the trauma patient.Signs
5、 of blood loss such as tachycardia and hypotension may be delayed until the patient loses nearly 30% of her blood volume.As a result, the fetus may be experiencing hypoperfusion fluid resuscitation should be administered even in the pregnant patient who is normotensive.在处理孕期创伤病人时，关键点是胎儿的复苏能够通过母亲的复苏来
6、实现因此，孕期创伤病人最初的评估和治疗跟非孕期受伤病人是一样的对孕妇气道、呼吸和循环的快速评估并确保足够的通气能够避免母婴低氧血症。在妊娠晚期，如被描述的那样，子宫压迫腔静脉使静脉回流减少可导致低血压，所以孕期创伤病人应该置于左侧卧位。如果怀疑脊髓受损，那么应该把病人固定在脊骨矫正板上后再向左侧倾斜。妊娠期血容量增加在外伤病人中是一个重要暗示。失血体征比如心动过速和低血压直到病人失血量达到全血的30%才会出现。这样一来，胎儿可能在母亲出现任何征象很久之前就已经处于低灌注状态了，补液复苏甚至在血压正常的妊娠病人中也应尽早和尽快地执行。2、Postoperative surgical compli
7、cations represent one of the most frustrating and difficult occurrences experienced by surgeons who do a significant volume of surgery.Regardless of how technically gifted,bright,and capable a surgeon is,surgical complications are a virtually guaranteed aspect of life.The cost of surgical complicati
8、ons in the United States today runs into millions of dollars and is associated with lost work productivity,disruption of normal family life,and unanticipated stress to employers and society in general.Frequently,the functional results of the operation are compromised by complications;in some cases,t
9、he patient never recovers to the preoperative level of function.The most significant and difficult part of complications is the suffering borne by the patient who enters the hospital anticipating an uneventful operation but is left suffering and compromised by the complication.无论一个外科医生如何有天赋、如何聪明、如何有
10、能力，在其生涯中外科并发症其实是不可避免的一个方面，在美国外科并发症所引起的费用已达到数以百万计，并引起劳动生产力的损失，扰乱正常的家庭生活，对雇主和社会带来预想不到的压力。由于手术并发症，手术后功能恢复大打折扣，有些病例其功能永远不能恢复到术前水平。（发生）并发症的最重要和最困难的方面是遭受痛苦的病人，他（她）进入医院是期待做一个顺利的手术，但却（被迫）处于遭受痛苦和受并发症侵害的境地。3、Epidemics occur almost exclusively during the winter months in temperate areas,but influenza activity
11、may continue year-round in the tropics.Outbreaks may occur in tour groups (land or ship) and in facilities during summer months,particularly after the appearance of a drift variant.Regional outbreaks are common.During expidemics,the overall attack rates typically average 5 to 20% in adults.Attack ra
12、tes of 40 to 50% are not uncommon in closed populations,including those in hospitals and nursing homes,and in certain highly susceptible age groups.Two different strains within a single subtype,two different influenza A subtypes(H1N1 and H3N2),or both influenza A and B viruses may cocirculate.In add
13、ition,simultaneous outbreaks of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses have been found. Strains circulating at the end of one seasons outbreak (the so-called herald wave phenomenon).Furthermore,other than the association of influenza outbreaks with colder seasons,the factors that allow an epi
14、demic to develop or those responsible for the tapering off of an epidemic when only some susceptible persons have been infected are unknown.温带地区流感几乎都发生在冬天的几个月，但在热带地区流感活动却常年不断。流感爆发可能发生在夏季的旅行团和设施建筑里，尤其在漂移变异出现以后。流感爆发流行的发生在时间和数量上的地区差异是很常见的。在流行期间，成人的总发病率通常是5-20%。在人口密集地方包括医院和小型医院以及某一高度易感人群中，发病率达40-50%也不罕见
15、。单一亚型内的两个不同菌种之间，A型流感病毒的两个不同亚型（H1N1和H3N2）之间，以及A型流感病毒和B型流感病毒之间均可以互相转染。另外，我们也已经发现A型流感病毒和呼吸道合孢病毒同时爆发。某一季节疾病流行末期传播的菌种有时对下个季节的疾病爆发有一定的影响（所谓先驱波现象）。此外，除了流感爆发跟寒冷季节有关外，流行病的诱发因素或者那些引起流行病逐渐减少至只有少数几个易感者发生感染的因素均不得而知。4、How should the chice between CT or ultrasonography be made in a patient who presents with acute
16、abdominal pain?More specifically,when is it appropriate to move directly to CT?In general,if the pain is not biliary in character,an obese patient,CT is preferred because it often reveals imaging choices exist: (1)no imaging study;(2) a plain radiographic series of the abdomen (technically and economically similar to the chest radio
