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1、46 already和all readyalready是表示时间的副词，意为“已经”，所在句中的谓语动词常用完成时。already可置于句中或句尾，偶尔也可放在句首。They have already arrived.他们已经到了。The postman has already been here.邮递员已经来过了。Its ten oclock already.已经10点钟了。Already the moon is rising.月亮已经升起了。 all ready是两个词，为形容词短语，意为“完全准备好的”，副词all修饰形容词ready。The letters are all ready
2、for post.信件都已准备好邮寄。Are you all ready?你们都准备好了吗？We are all ready to go on the trip.我们都已完全准备好了去旅行。47 already, still和yet的特殊用法already可用于疑问句中，放在句尾，表示“惊讶，怀疑”。Has he arrived already?他已经到了？(真没想到)Have you finished supper already?Its only half past five.你已经吃过晚饭了？才五点半呢。 still意为“仍然，还”，表示某事正在进行中或正在过程中，用于进行时或一般现在时
3、，且常用于肯定句，有时也用于疑问句和否定句。里谈你e ar sil oling in the rom.他们仍在房间She is still very young.她仍然很年轻。Is he waiting still? 他还在等吗？比较He is still sitting.他仍然坐着。(still表示“仍然”)He is sitting still.他坐着不动。(still表示“不动的”) notyet表示“还没有”，也常用于完成时，有时用一般现在时。He hasnt done his homework yet.他还没有做完家庭作业。She isnt home yet.她还没有到家。提示yet
4、可用于由although引导的让步状语从句中，表示“但是”；yet也可用作连词，引导从句，表示“然而”。Although he tried his best, yet he didnt win thegame.虽然他尽了最大努力，但没能赢得那场比赛。She wanted to come, (and) yet she was ill.她想来，可是她病了。(如果用and yet，yet就是副词)比较Have you heard the news yet?(一般询问)Have you heard the news already?(表示惊讶)Is she here yet? 她来了没有?(=Has
5、she arrived?)Is she still here?她还在这里吗？(=Hasnt she left?)48 alternative和alternate alternative表示“两者择一的，另一个的”。They are alternative ways of expressing the sameidea.它们是表达同一意思的不同方法。2alternate表示“交替的，轮流的（happeningby turns)；间隔的；候补的，供替代的”。Last week was a week of alternate rain andsunshine.上星期时晴时雨。Tom went to
6、work on alternate days.汤姆每隔一天上班。提示alternative和alternate还可以作名词。49 although和though1although和though引导让步状语从句，although较正式。although和though引导的从句可放在句首或句尾；位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时，用不用逗号都可以。Although/Though they are poor,they are kind.他们虽穷，但却善良。Although/Though she is young, she has muchknowledge.她虽年轻，但知识很丰富。He is
7、 strong although he is very old.他虽然年事已高，但仍很健壮。 although和though不能同but在同一句中连用，也就是说，用了although和though，便不能用but，用了but，便不能用although或though。这本书虽然贵，但却值得买。The book is dear,but it is worth buying.正Although the book is dear,it is worth buying.正Although the book is dear,but it is worth buying. though可用于倒装句中，而al
8、though则不可。Rich though she is,she is not happy.她虽然很有钱，但并不幸福。 though可以用作连词，并可以用作副词，放在句尾，表示“不过，可是”，而although则不可。He is an old though strong man.他是个年迈但很强壮的人。It is hard work; I like it,though.这是件艰苦的工作，但是我喜欢。A:Its a beautiful skirt.这件裙子真漂亮。B:Its very expensive,though.不过，倒是挺贵的。 though可表示假设的情况，不指事实，从句用虚拟语气，a
9、lthough则不能这样用。He will never do such a thing though he (should) be forced to.他即使被迫也不会做这种事。有什么关系)等，although则不可。Ill leave even though it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要动身了。What though the way is long?路远又有什么关系呢？though引导的从句的主谓语如果是系表结构，可省略从句的主语和be动词。This article is very important though (it is)short.这篇文章虽短，但很重要
10、。Though liking the car, I havent enough money to buy it.误 (因为从句不是含有be动词的系表结构)Though fond of the car, I havent enough money to buy it.50 altogether和all together1 altogether是一个词，为副词，意为“完全(completely)，总的来说(on the whole)”。They altogether agree to the proposal.他们完全同意那个建议。Altogether, it is a good book.总的来
11、说，这是一本好书。 all together是两个词，为副词短语，意为“同时都，一道”。Please dont ask her questions all together.请不要一起向她问问题。They left all together.他们一起走了。提示altogether和all together均可表示“一共，总共”。Therewerealtogether/all together twenty students present at the meeting.总共有20名学生出席了会议。51 animal, beast, cattle 和creatureanimal动物的总称，与“植
12、物(plant)”相对；也可表示除人类以外的“动物”。Which animal do you like best, a dog, a cat or ahorse?你最喜欢哪种动物，狗、猫还是马?Men, birds and tigers are all animals.人、鸟、虎都是动物。beast四足兽，牲畜；指人时，含有贬义。Lion is the king of beasts.狮子是万兽之王。They hated that beast of a boss.他们恨透了那个狼心狗肺的老板。He worked like a beast of burden in those years.在那些年
13、里，他像牛马一样地干活。cattle指牛一类的牲畜，为集体名词。He has five head of cattle.他有5头牛。The fields were full of cattle.田野里到处是牛。creature生物，动物，指除了植物以外的生物。指人时，常含爱怜或轻蔑之意。These are delightful little creatures.这些是可爱的小动物。She is a beautiful creature.她是个漂亮女子。You shouldnt have shown pity for that creature.你不该怜悯那家伙。52 answer, reply和
14、respond1answer为常用语，指用书面、口头或行动来对他人的询问、请求、指责或质问等作出回答或反应。Who can answer the question?谁能回答这个问题？You should answer her letter right away.你应该马上给她回信。2 reply为书面用语，指经过考虑的较正式的答复。除了后面接直接引语或that引导的名词从句外，一般用作不及物动词，常与to搭配，强调对问题内容的详细答复。而answer则强调回答的动作，表示一般的应答时，只能用answer，如：answer the telephone (接电话)，answer the door
15、(应声开门)等，不可用reply。She did not reply to his letter.她没有给他回信。He replied that he might go.他回话说他可能去。3 respond侧重于在接到对方问题、要求或表态后以行动而不是以言语作出反应，作不及物动词用时后接to。She kindly responded to my question.她很客气地回答了我的问题。The girl responded with a smile.那女孩微笑着作答。They responded by going on a strike.他们以罢工来作出反应。53 answer for和answer to1answer for通常表示两种含义。(1)表示“对负责，担保”，相当于be responsible for。We cant answer for her actions.我们不能对她的行为负责。I can
