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1、IT。 Dalglsh and M Powr （s). Handk f Cogitio andEmotion Susex, UK.: Jh Wle o, Ld.， 1999.Cper 3 BasiEmoionsPaul kmnUniesit of Californi,San Fracico， CA, SANTRODUCTIONIn this chpte cnsoidat m evusritings about baic motion （Ekman， 1984， 1992a,192b）ad irodue a few hges in hnking。My view over te past 40 e
2、arh change rdialy from initalview (Ekman, 957） tht: （) apleasantnplesant andactvpassiv scaewresffcent to aptur the dffeces mng moons;and (） th elaionhip bewenfacia configuratonand at i sgnifed is socially leed adlurlly varble. I was frced tadpt the opposite vw bfini frommy on and otherscross-cultura
3、lstudies of fcialepessions here ae some h hae chaleed this bynow quit lare d ofvdece：descbe thoe chlegsandthe answs tothmin hper 16.hframework Idescrie elomo nfluened byDarwn (182/1) adTomkins （1962）， althgh I o nocept in totalwht either said. Tere re thee meaingsof therm “basi （see so rtoy Ture， 19
4、0)。Fist,it dstiuishes tose homntain thathereae numb oeprate emotions,tha iffer nefro another imporat ways Fom this perpective,fear， angr， disust， sadness ad contempt， all egatie tons, differ n thir ap。praisl, antecet evet， robable beavira epone， phsiolgy and otherharctrit desribdelow。 So， too， amuse
5、et, pridin achevemnt, satisfactin， relifad cottmet, al ositive emotion， difer rm each or. Tis basicotionerpectie isncntrast t toewh treat mtin as un.mtallytheame， dfing only in ems f itens or pleasantness.T idefy separate iscete emionsdoes ot necsriy reuiethatone also take avoltnr vw ofemotios A soc
6、ial osructioist ul allo forepateemtins whout embacing the second meaing of he djective“asic” n the discery of univera inepess n antedent ents doe ot eqre vi amaor e to eluion。 Instead， ne ca attribut nvels to spciescostat learnngsoca larning whhwiusaly cur fol memeroftspeie，regrdles o cultue （cf。 Al
7、por,194）。 In his view t ontgy, nt pyleny， hih is rponsibl for any omonali inemoton；univrs exresion are due towha ologists call “convetinlization”， no “rtualizion” (e kma， 97 for a dcusson of hes distitions as appidto emoion)The seond meanino hedjective “baic” it idiateisead hev tha emotons evolved f
8、otheir adptivevalue in dealin t fundamena taks Inae fator playa rle in accountn o thechrctriishy sare, not speie-onstant o spcies-ariable leaning。 Tere are a um owy o ecribethee fundamnal lfe task Johnso-ar Oatley（1992） say the are uivrsal hman reicamens,suc asacheemt，se， frustraions， t。Ech emotiont
9、h omts us i iectinwhch， i the urse f evolution, asdoebeter than oher solutions n ecurring rcus h are relevant to goals。 Lazarus (11) tals o “common adpaonaltas as thes are praedand configured nto cre relatna temes” (p. 202） andgi exampls of fcgan immediate danger， expeincing n irrevob ls, presin trd
10、s te realization f agoal, etc Stein Tabasso （1992) say ht n happinssa oal is attane ormaintaind， i sades there a fiure t atinor mintai a goal, i a an gent cae loss agal，and n fea th is n xectationofailureto achieve agol. Tooy & Comides (199) tel thatmotions imose n h prset worl nieetiv landscape erv
11、efromhe ovariant structure f the pas. .”。Emotion， tes, dealwth rcurret 。 . adaptive stuations 。 。 。 fghting， fallin in ve,escapinredatrs， cnfrting sexal nfidelity, nd so n, ec o wch reurred numerab imesin eoluioary histo 。 . ” （p。4740) Toby & Cosmies emphazwhat I osidrhe crcial ement whch dnguie tmo
12、tions： our ppisal of crrent eentisnfluencdb our ancestl past。hsediferent descipins arequte cmpatible, eah phazing another apect fthe phenmenon.omo to alltheview i hrsmpon th mtns aredsgnd to dealwithinteorganismc encune, beteen peleor beten pepe adother aiml。 evertheless， it isporat o oe tha etioscn and dooccur wen e ae not in tepresnce of thers， ad ar nt iin thr epl。 We can hae eotional eactionso thune, musi,oss o psicl suppor， uo-er acivity，tc. YeI believ teprimaryfntiof min is t oilet ornismt
