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1、四级语法一：时态：所谓时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词时态见下表：1积极形式过去现在未来过去未来通常diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完毕had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虚拟语气完毕进行had been doinghave/has been doing/2被动形式过去现在未来过去未来通常was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall b
2、e givenshould/would be given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完毕had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完毕进行/v CET-4 常考三种时态：过去完毕时；未来完毕时；（现在/过去）完毕进行时。v 时间状语从句当中时态：通常过去时 所有过去用通常现在时表达 现在和未来现在完毕时 现在完毕和未来完毕一非谓语动词一不定式：一）不定式常考形式：1) 通常形式：He decided to
3、 work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功效： 表达和谓语动词同时发生2) 完毕形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功效：表达发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功效-To
4、see is to believe. 三)不定式省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表达动作完整性，真实性；+ doing 表达动作连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见她在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见她正在花园里干活。（强调我见她正干活这个动作）v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The c
5、ake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)同样被动以后要还原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， o
6、ffer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to;
7、look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后-ing形式具有被动意思。其中，want不太常见。He needs (a lot of) encouraging
8、. 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特性名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特性可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词形式:通常形式：I dont like you smoking. 完毕形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词宾语是动名词3)动名词否认直接在其前加否认词,通过代词宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I wo
9、uld appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; esc
10、ape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 此外尚有部分接-ing形式常见说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly
11、any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来动作)I remembered posting
12、/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot和remember使用方法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地告知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 实验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not all
13、ow me to. 计划、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增长购置力。prefer使用方法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就爱慕这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3 分词：现在分词积极进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词形式:1)通常式: Do you see the man talking
14、 to the dean（主任）? (和谓语动词同时发生)2)完毕形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完毕被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表达被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表达被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，所有可以组成复合结构，
15、非谓语动词所修饰成份是这些非谓语动词逻辑主语。她们之间一致关系积极还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意是分词和她前面逻辑主语之间积极被动关系。二：虚拟三：虚拟语气情态动词所表达也许性限度：must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)此外两个类情态词形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have tov 最自然虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）本质上是过去未来时：即，时间固定在过去未来，状态不同样：通常、进行、完毕、完毕进行。这时虚拟语气产生往往是由于我们要表达本来应当（而现在却还没有）（本来可以，本来能）I should go!( but Im
