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1、M_454 machine和machinery两词均表示“机器”，但前者是可数名词，后者是不可数名词，可以说amachine，但不可说amachinery, two machineries，可以说a piece ofmachinery(一台机器)，two pieces of machinery(两台机器)。They are now using new machineries.误They are now using new machinery.他们现在使用新机器。He doesnt know how to operate those machines.他不知道如何操作那些机器。Nowadays,
2、 most farm work is done bymachinery.现在，大部分农活是由机器来完成的。提示比较类似的名词：poetry(诗歌)，集体名词，不可数poem(诗)，可数(apoem,two poems)jewelry(珠宝)，集体名词，不可数jewel(珠宝)，可数(a jewel, two jewels)weaponry(武器)，集体名词，不可数weapon (武 器)，可数(a weapon, two weapons)fiction(小说类)，总称，不可数novel(小说)，可数(anovel, two novels)455be made of,be made from,
3、be made in,be made for,be made by, be made into, be made out of, be made with和be made up of1 be made of表示“由制成”，指制成品还可见原材料的模样，原材料的本质不变。This chair is made of wood.这把椅子是用木头做的。(木头的性质、形状没变)The bridge is made of stones.这座桥是石头造的。(仍可见石头)These bottles are made of glass.这些瓶子是玻璃造的。(仍可见玻璃) be made from也表示“由制成”，
4、但制成品已不见原材料的模样，原材料的本质已发生化学变化。Wine is made from rice.酒是米酿制的。(酒中已不可见到米，本质已变化)Gas is made from coal.煤气由煤制成。Salt is made from sea water.盐是海水制成的。(已不可见海水) be made in表示“在某个地方造的”，in后面跟地点名词。This car is made in Shanghai.这辆轿车是上海造的。That radio is made in Japan.那台收音机是日本造的。be made for表示“为某人、某物或干某事造的”，后跟人、物或动名词。That
5、 machine is made for them by the factory.那台机器是由这家工厂为他们造的。These tractors are made for that country.这些拖拉机是为那个国家造的。This knife is made for cutting meat.这把刀是为切肉做的。50be made by表示“由造的，被造的”，为被动语态结构，后跟动作的执行者。This desk is made by an old worker.这张桌子是由一位老工人做的。These toys are made by our factory.这些玩具是由我们厂制造的。60be
6、 made into表示“（某种原料）可以制成(某种成品)”，主语为原料，into的宾语为成品。make sth.into sth.表示“把某物制成某物”。Milk can be made into butter and cheese.牛奶可以制成黄油和乳酪。Stones can be made into bridges.石头可以造桥。They make glass into bottles.他们把玻璃制成瓶子。Glass is made into bottles.玻璃制成瓶子。We make cloth into different kinds of clothes.我们把布做成不同种类的衣
7、服。Cloth is made into different kinds of clothes.布被做成不同种类的衣服。be made out of表示“(某个成品)由制成”。The box is made out of cedar wood.这个盒子是用杉木做成的。8 be made with表示“用做”，with后跟原料。Steamed bread is made with flower.面包是用面粉做的。A fruit cake is made with fruit.水果蛋糕用水果制成。9be made up of表示“由组成，由制成”。This museum is made up of
8、 three parts.这座博物馆由3个部分组成。Our class is made up of forty students.我们班由40名学生组成。456 major, chief,main和principal1 major指比其他事物更具影响力或更重要。a major discovery重大发现 chief指人或物，分别强调人在同行中地位最高或物在同类中最重要，价值最高。the chief rivers of India印度主要的河流the chief librarian图书馆长main只用指物，在大小、能量或重要性方面超过其他部分。the main dish of ameal一餐的主
9、菜the main points of the speech演说的要点4principal可用于指人或物，担负主要责任的人，或位居同类之首的物。the principal figure in the strike 罢工的为首人物the principal town of the district 该地区最重要的城镇457 make friends with还是makefriend with“与交友，与建立友谊”在英语中有一固定表达法，即：make friends with sb.。从意义上讲，交友是由两人或多人进行的活动，所以friend一词为复数，不难理解和接受，另外几个类似的结构如：be
10、friends with(与友好，喜爱)，keep friends with(与保持友好关系)，makefriends(交朋友，建立友谊，变得友好)，其中都用复数friends。Paul is friends with Bill.保罗与比尔关系很好。Mary is friends with roses.玛丽喜爱玫瑰花。They have kept friends with each other all theseyears.这些年来他们一直保持着友好的关系。Where he goes he makes friends.他无论到哪里都广交朋友。458 man, the man和mankind1m
11、an表示“全体人类”时，不加定冠词the，但指某个人则须加the。The man is born equal.误Man is born equal.正人生来平等。The man standing over there is my brother.站在那边的那个人是我的弟弟。man可以表示任何一个人，包括男性和女性，以区别于动物。In ancient times,men feared thundersome stilldo.古时候，人害怕打雷有些人现在仍然害怕。What a piece of work is a man!人是一件多么了不起的杰作！There is in all men, both
12、 male and female, a desire and power of generation.在所有人身上，不管男人还是女人，都有一种生育的欲望和技能。mankind和human beings均表示“全体人类”，不加定冠词。Disease is the enemy of mankind.疾病是人类的敌人。提示aman表示“某个人”或“人人”。A man should love his country.人人都应爱国。=Everyone should love his country.=One should love ones country.459 manner和manners 表示“方
13、式，风格，态度”时，manner常用单数形式；表示“礼貌，礼仪”时，要用复数形式manners。Her manner of walking is quite strange.她走路的方式很奇特。He is mild in manner.他态度温和。You should have good manners in front of thevisitors.在来宾面前你应该有礼貌。Manners show/shows ones education.礼貌反映出一个人的修养。460 many,many a和manyanother1 many使用的范围较广，并可用于非正式文体中，可作形容词或代词；many
14、后跟复数可数名词。Many trees have been cut down there.那里许多树都被砍伐了。Many of them cant find work.他们许多人找不到工作。2 many a是形容词词组，修饰单数可数名词，较文气，表示强调，常用作书面语，除表示“许多”外，也可表示“一个又一个的”。“many a+单数名词”作主语时后接单数谓语动词。For many a day it rained.下了好多天的雨。Many a true word is spoken in jest.许多真话都是在开玩笑时讲出的。He received many a letter last wee
15、k.他上周收到了一封又一封的信。也可以说many another+单数名词，意同many a+单数名词。Many another day went by.一天又一天过去了。461 many more和much more1.many more+可数名词复数是一种习惯表达法，意为“比多得多”，后跟than比较结构；也可表示“另有许多”。She has many more friends here than her sister.她在这里比她姐姐有更多的朋友。I have just finished writing one letter.I have many more letters to write today.我才写完一封信，我今天还有许多信要写。 much more+不可数名词也是一种习惯表达法，much作状语，修饰 more，意为“比多得多”，后跟than比较结构；也可表示“另有许多”。He spent much more money on books than Tom.他花在买书上的钱比汤姆多得多。Mr. Smith drank much more wine at the party than anybody
