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1、Chapter 10 Language Acquisition一、定义1. 语言习得 Language acquisitionLanguage acquisition refers to the development of the Childs acquisition of his mother tongue or first language, i.e, how he comes to understand and to speak the language of his community.2. 输入 InputIt refers to the language which a lear
2、ner bears or receives and from which he or she can learn.3. 行为主义学习理论 Behaviourist learning theoryIts a theory of Psychology suggests that the learners verbal behaviour is conditioned or reinforced through association between a stimulus and response when applied to first language acquisition.源自心理学的理论
3、行为主义,它认为儿童的语言行为是与他们所受刺激和随之 的反应成相互条件的。4. 独词句 One word holophrase / holophraseIt refers to a single word that appears in childrens early speech and functions as a complex idea or sentence.5. 电报式言语 Telegraphic speech 属于 early multiword 阶段It refers to the early speech of children. its so called because
4、it lacks the same sorts of words which adults typically leave out of telegrams(such as non-substantive words and inflectional morphemes).也可以说成缺少 inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.6. 转移 Language transferIt refers to the learners will subconsciously use their knowledge in learni
5、ng a second language. Transfer can be either positive or negative.7. 对比分析 Contrastive AnalysisIt refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learners first language and prepare
6、 the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.补充 establish linguistic differences between native and target language systems.8. 错误分析 Error AnalysisAn approach to the study and analysis of the errors made by the second language learners which suggests that many learner
7、errors are not due to the learner s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as over-generalization and simplification of rules.一种研究和分析第二语言学习者所犯错误的方法 .它指出语言学习者所犯的许多 错误不是母语干扰所致而是体现了一些普遍的学习策略 .如概括过度和规则简化9. 语际语 InterlanguageThe approximate language system that a second
8、language learner constructs which represents his or her transitional competence in the target language. 第二语言学习这在学习过程中所构建的近乎目标语的语言体系，它体现了学习者 在目标学习的过渡性语言能力。10. 语言僵化 FossilizationA process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a
9、grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.11. 工具性学习动机 Instrumental motivationThe learners desire to learn a second language because its useful for some functional, instrumental goals, such as getting a job, passing an examination, or rea
10、ding for information.12. 介入性学习动机 Integrative motivationThe learners desire to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.为了与人交流。13. 语言文化移入 AcculturationA process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.14. 幼儿保育员言语
11、Caretaker speechSimple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, ect. When they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.15. 干扰 InterferenceThe effect of ones first language knowledge on the learning of a second language.16. 国际语法 Universal GrammarThe different languages ha
12、ve a similar level of complexity and detail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called.17. 第一语言的习得 the 1st language acquisitionThe development of a first or native language is called the 1st language acquisition.18.Its normally assumed that, by the age of five
13、, with an opening vocabulary of more than 2.000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.19.语法系统发展语音 Phonology句法 Syntax形态 Morphology词汇和语义 Vocabulary and semantics20. 判断题 Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what l
14、anguage they are exposed to, and in later stages acquire the more difficult sounds.21. The emergency of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce babbling sounds.22. Researchers are particularly interested in the increasing complexity of negative sentences in child lan
15、guage development. they have found that correction and reinforcement are not key factors in child language development.23. 判断题 SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquires or learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language.(L1)24. 美国的 Stephenson Krashen 区分了 Acquisit
16、ion 和 LearningHe said Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.Learning, it is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.25. 判断题 The learners transitional competence moving along a learning co
