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1、An Analysis Causes of Tesss Tragedy in Tess of the DUrbervilles【Abstract】ThomasHardyisanextraordinarywriterin19thcentury.TessoftheDUrbervillesishisfamousnovelswhichisalsoatypicalworkofcriticalrealism.Themostimportantachievementofthenovelisshapedthecharacterofprotagonistsuccessfullyandithasenduringli
2、terary.Thisnoveltellsthatapure，beautifulandinnocentwomanlostchastityandbecameakillerintheend.CausesofTessstragedyarevarious.ThispaperaimstoanalyzecausesofTessstragedyfromexternalcausesandinternalcauses.Theexternalcausesareconsistedofcausesofsocialbackground，causesofmorality，fatalismandtheinfluenceof
3、othercharacters.TheexternalcauseisTesssowncharacter.Hardygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandallrulingclass，butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforcommonpeople.AnalysisCausesofTesssTragedycanmakepeopleunderstandthenoveldeeplyandhavecomprehensiveperspectivetoregardlife.Thisstudyhasboththeoreticalsigni
4、ficanceandpracticalsignificance.【Keywords】Tessstragedy;externalcauses;internalcauses【摘要】托馬斯哈代是十九世纪出色的作家。?德伯家的苔丝?是他其中一部非常有名的批判现实主义的著作。这部小说最大的成就是成功塑造了主角形象，在文学史上有着不朽的价值。这部小说讲述了一个纯洁、美丽又清纯少女苔丝失去清白后，变为杀人犯的故事。导致苔丝悲剧的原因多种多样，本片论文旨在分析导致其悲剧的内、外在原因。外在原因包括苔丝生活下的社会背景，社会道德，宿命论和其他角色的影响;内在原因就是苔丝自身的性格原因。这是哈代对资产阶级和所有统
5、治阶级的挖苦，同时也表达了对普通民众深深的同情。分析导致苔丝悲剧的原因，有助于帮助读者更好的理解小说和用更加全面的角度对待生活。本研究具有理论意义和现实意义。【关键词】苔丝的悲剧;内在原因;外在原因【作者简介】李楷文，山东中医药大学。1.IntroductionTessisoneoftheimportantnovelswrittenbythefamousnovelistThomasHardy.AtthetimeofTessoftheDUrbervillespublication，itwasreceivedbothpraiseandcriticismamongthereadersintheVic
6、torianera.WiththedevelopmentofthesocietytheinfluenceofHardyandTesshasbecomemoreandmoreextensiveintheworld，andreadersunderstandingofHardyandTessstragedyisdeepening.DespiteourstudiesonHardyarejustfocusonhisseveralimportantnovels，especiallythenovelofTesssTragedyinTessoftheDUrbervilles，butitisenoughtose
7、eHardysdeepthoughtsandtheintegrityinhispersonalityfromthisrepresentativework.Heisawarriorwhodeclareswarontheoldworldwithnovelsandpoetryasweapons.ThispaperanalyzesthecausesofTessstragedyfromtheperspectiveofinternalandexternalfactors，andhelpsreaderstounderstandthenovelbetterandhaveamorecomprehensivevi
8、ewsoflife.Theexternalcausesaremainlyconsistedofsocialbackgroundreasons，moralreasons，fatalismandtheinfluenceofothercharacters.TheinternalcauseismainlyconsistedoftheweaknessofTesssownpersonality.Itisthekeytotheirinevitablefailuretofightagainstsociety.Firstofall，forthesocialbackground，Tesslivedinthehey
9、dayofthedevelopmentofBritishcapitalismwhichwecalledthegoldenage.Buttherearemanystereotypesandredtapesinthisproudarea，whichistheobjectivereasonforTessstragedy.TessstragedyalsohasitssocialmoralrootwhichisMalePredominanceandSexualHarassment.Womencouldntrefuteinfrontoftheunjusttreatment.Hardyspessimismc
10、omesfromhisfatalism.Nomatterhowhumancivilizationdeveloped，wecandonothingwhenfatewantstoplaytricksonus.ThemaincauseofTessstragedyistheweaknessofhercharacter，andthekindTesscantbecompetingwithstrongcapitalism.ButwhatthemostvaluablethingisthatTessbecamemorebraveandresoluteafterlosingchastity，andshehadas
11、piritofresistance.Thispaperisasummaryandsupplementtothepreviousresearch，butalsoareflectiononthecurrentsociety.2.LiteraturereviewTessisapure，beautifulgirlfromruralarea.Althoughshewasborninapoorfamily，shepursuedkindnessandreallove.Oneday，TesssfatherwastoldthathewasthedescendentofnobilityDUrbervilles.H
12、ewasverycomplacentandaskedTesstofindtheirrichrelativessothatTheycouldliveabetterlifewiththehelpoftheirrelatives.ThiswasthebeginningofTessstragedy.BeforeTessfoundherrichrelatives，sheencounteredAlec，asocalledgentleman.Shethoughtthiswasanewandamazingexperienceatfirst，butshewasdeceivedandseducedbyAlec.A
13、ndthenshewaspregnant.Sheslifewastotallychanged.Peoplelookeddownherandcriticizedher.Tessandherfamilywasunderthepressureofthegossip.Infact，shedidntdoanythingwrong.Shewasjustaninnocentgirlbeforeshemettheterribleman.Inordertomakealiving，Tessfoundajobasamilkmaninadistantdairyfarm.ShemetAngelClarewholoved
14、deeplyforTess.Theyfellinlovewitheachother.ButTessalwayshadasenseofguiltyforAngelbecauseofherunhappyexperience.Theygotmarriedfinally.AngeldidntknowTesswaslostherchastityuntiltheirWeddingnight.AngelthoughtthattheymustbehonestandloyaltoeachotherandheconfessedhiscrimetoTessatanight.Tesswasnotangryatalla
15、ndsheforgaveAngelatonce.Actually，shewasexcitedbecauseshealsohadathingtoconfesstoAngel.ShewaseagertogetforgivenessfromAngel.AftershetoldAngelherexperience，shewasnotgotforgivenessfromangel.Incontrast，Angelgotawayfromher.AngelmaintainedthathefeltshamefulofgettingmarriedwithTess.Tesswassorrowbutshemustg
16、etmoneytobringuphersistersandbrothers.Shefoundanotherjob.Thelandlordwasapersonwhichwassimilartoanimal.Allofthepeopleworkedintherewashatedthebeastofthelandlord.Tesswascompressedeveryday.Duringthistime，AlecwascamebackandfoundTessandtoldherhecanhelpherunlessTessdidthemistressforhim.Tesswassubmittedtohimintheendbecauseofliving.Afteralongtime，AngelcamebackandmadeanapologytoTessandtoldTesshehadforgivenher.TessthoughtallofhermisfortunewascomefromAlec.ShekilledAlecintheendandelo
