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1、考点02 名词高考频度: 【命题解读】名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考题我们不难看出,名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中,名词常结合其他项目一起考查,考查题型以短文改错、完形填空、语法填空为主。【命题预测】预计2019年的高考名词在完形填空、短文改错及语法填空中仍会占有重要地位。【复习建议】在学习过程中,要掌握常用名词的基本用法,注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结,做题时要结合语境。考向一 可数名词的复数 (1)规则
2、变化情况方法例词一般情况加sstudents,teachers,doc tors,tables以s,x,ch,sh结尾加esglasses,dishes,boxes,watches但stomach复数形式直接加s,即stomachs以辅音字母y结尾变y为i再加esfamilies,babies,armies,bodies以元音字母y结尾加sboys,toys,pianos,photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v,再加esthieves,wives,knives,shelves,lives少数加sbeliefs,proofs,roofs,chiefs以o结尾通常加sradios,video
3、s,zoos,tobaccos有的加esheroes,potatoes,tomatoes注意:以o结尾的下列名词要加es,它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es,也可以加s,它们是:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f或fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加ves,它们是为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wi
4、ves,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves,也可以直接加s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese 中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工厂;fish 鱼;fruit 水果等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fish
5、es,fruits。自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人mentooth牙teethfoot脚,英尺feetmouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomenamedium传播媒介media1.(2018全国新课标卷I语法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease an
6、d early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 2.(2018全国新课标卷I短文改错)Last winter when I went here(改为there) again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken改为chickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅,还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知,其后用名词复数形式。3. (2017全国新课标卷I语法填空)This trend, which was started by
7、the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.【答案】effects 4.(2016全国新课标卷I语法填空)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and
8、fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract). The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum she never suspects.61.【答案】attraction【解析】考查名词。 形容词top后面跟名词形式。69.【答案】days【解析】考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。考
9、向二 不可数名词具体化(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词:advice建议, furniture家具, fun乐趣;information信息,news新闻, weather天气, progress进步,wealth财富,value价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考的有:单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失
10、败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如:Being able to afford a drink would be
11、a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期,能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。考向三 名词所有格(1)s所有格用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加s 或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加s或。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室(2)of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通
12、常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the content of the novel小说的内容the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字(3)双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)1. (2018全国新课标卷II短文改错)When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays改为Friday。2.T
13、he village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. A. a four hourB. a four hoursC. a four-hoursD. a four hours【答案】D【解析】s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西(人或物)的名词后,有时还用于某些无生命的名词(如表示时间的名词)后,一般是在名词词尾加s,如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es,则是在其后加 。故选D。考向四 名词的语法功能1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His
14、 grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语(1)作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗?(2)作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。(3)作介词的宾语
15、。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗?3.作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。(职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词)The old man called my unc