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1、译文机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思 ,还要研 究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计 是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和 科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处 ,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效 益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的
2、产品进行设计之前 ,必须先确定人们是否需要这种 产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制 定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重 要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如 ,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随看较 高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅
3、为了变革的目的而采用新方法。在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不 至于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选 定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如 何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作,因为实际上并不存在看一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题,设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开 始阶段,设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员
4、进行交流和磋商,并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论,草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流,需要解决下列问题:(1)所设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要(2)此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力(3 )生产这种产品是否经济？(4) 产品的维修是否方便？(5) 产品有无销路？是否可以盈利？只有时间能对上述问题给出正确答案。但是，产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行磋商。通常,在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能会要求对某个零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生产变得容易。但是,工程上的更改必须要
5、经过设计人员批准,以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时,在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了 设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作,设计人员应该不断努力,寻找这些更好的方法。原文MECHANICAL DESIGN THEORYThe mecha ni cal desig n is a applicati on tech ni cal scie nee through desig n the new product or improves the old product to meet the huma n n eed. It in volv
6、es all doma in of the project tech no logy, mainly research size of the product , basic idea of the shape and the detailed structure, also research questi on of manu facture , sale and use of the product in all aspects.They usually called desig ner or mecha ni cal desig n engin eer who carries on ea
7、ch kind of mecha ni cal desig n work. The mecha ni cal desig n is a creative work. Desig n engin eer not only have, the creativity in the work, but also have the deep eleme ntary kno wledge on mecha ni cal draw ing, kin ematics, engin eeri ng material, materials mecha nics and machi ne manu facture
8、tech no logy.As says above, the goal of mecha ni cal desig n is the producti on can meet the huma n n eed. The inven ti on, the discovery and tech ni cal kno wledge itself certa inly not n ecessarily can bring the adva ntage to the huma nity, only whe n they are applied on the product can produce th
9、e ben efit. Thus, we should realize whether people do n eed this kind of product before carry on the desig n in a specific product.The mecha ni cal desig n must regard as a good opport un ity for the mecha ni caldesig ner to use creative ability carries on product desig n, the systematic an alysis a
10、nd formulate manu facture tech no logy of the product. Grasp ing the project eleme ntary knowledge is more important than memorizing some data and the formula. Merely using the data and the formula is in sufficie nt to completely decide all decisi on in a good desig n.On the other hand, they should
11、carry on all operati ons precisely. For example, eve n if place a decimal point in wrong positi on, also can tur n the correct desig n to wrong.New desig ns can have many flaws and problems un expected, only these flaws and www.doc in .com 8 the questi on have bee n solved, can new product superiori
12、ty be mani fested. Therefore,a superior product born followed a higher risk at the same time.What should emphasize is that if desig ns itself does not request to use the brand-new method, it is not necessary to use the new method merely for the goal for transformation.In the prelim inary stage of de
13、sig n, should allow desig ner fully to display the creativity, not restra int to each kind of restra int. Eve n if have many impractical ideas in early time, they can also be corrected before pla n bluepri nt. Only in this way can not stop the inno vati on. Usually, must propose several sets of desi
14、g n proposals, and the n perform the comparison. It is possible that some ideas have been used in the final plan which is not accepted before. The psychologist freque ntly discusses the causes of how could people adapt to mach ine which operate. A desig ner pers onn els basic resp on sibility i dili
15、ge ntlycauses the machi ne to adapt the people. This certa inly is not an easy work, because the most superior operating area and the operating process to all do not exist in fact.Ano ther importa nt questi on, project engin eer must be able to carry on the excha nge the con sultati on with other co
16、ncerned pers onn el. I n the in itial stage, desig ner has to excha nge with adm ini strator on the prelim inary desig n, and be approved. This is gen erally through the oral discussi on, with schematic diagram and the writi ng material. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:s exis(1 Whether product desig ned is truly n eeded for the people?(2
