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1、 普特英语听力网：节食的历史音频Books and Arts; Book Review;A history of dieting；Binge and purge；Calories and Corsets: A History of Dieting Over 2022 Years. By Louise Foxcroft.After the binge of the holidays, many stumble into January with a hangover, some fragile resolutions and a desire to shed a few pounds. Alas
2、, few will benefit from rigid calorie-counting or cabbage-soup slurping. In a recent study of 31 long-term diet plans, the American Psychological Association found that up to two-thirds of participants ended up heavier than before they started. Some diets are more sensible than others, but any regim
3、en that promises swift and dramatic results will doom most followers to failure. Weight-loss pills and surgery are similarly ineffectiveand sometimes dangerousover time. Yet girth-management is big business, full of charismatic hucksters and fake science (fat-burning lip balm?), earning $40 billion
4、a year in America alone.“The diet industry is all about exploitation and profit,” writes Louise Foxcroft in “Calories and Corsets”, her slim new book about the history of dieting. Less a banquet than a tasting menu (the tone is breezy, opinionated and occasionally rushed), she chronicles more than 2
5、,000 years of movers, shakers and tummy-tuckers, highlighting both the wise and the wacky.The word diet comes from the Greek diaita, an approach to health that linked the mental with the physical. Classical physicians saw being too fat or thin as a sign of an imbalance. Man “cannot live healthily on
6、 food without a certain amount of exercise”, observed Hippocrates, who believed in breakfast, long walks and prudent vomiting. Philosophers such as Socrates saw a relationship between food and ethics, as a taste for luxury often leads to greed and unjust behaviour.Unlike the other deadly sins, glutt
7、ony is visible and so is often judged harshly, as if heft were always evidence of wanton indulgence or laziness. (The link between genetics and metabolism was not discovered until the 20th century.) In particularly hard times such as the two world wars, fat people were seen as traitors. Greater acce
8、ss to food and a rising stigma against podge helped inspire the fashion for corsets in the 17th century, which caused overlapping ribs, bad breath and the occasional death. When it comes to diets, women occupy a perversely central place, argues Ms Foxcroft. They are condemned for their gluttony, cri
9、ticised for their vanity, manipulated for their insecurity心神不定 and also blamed for the flab on their husbands and children.Until the 18th century, ideas on diet were mostly about healthy eating, morality and control. Laxatives and emetics were common, but many philosophers and physicians had sensibl
10、e ideas about restraint and nutrition. By the early 19th century complaints about fat became rife, as even the working class had moved from the fields to the calorie-rich cities. This created a larger market for dieting solutions, particularly fads such as cold-rain douches, chest beatings, electrod
11、e zappings and massages that promised to crush subcutaneous fat globules.The 19th century saw a chap named William Banting bring the first low-carbohydrate diet to a mass audience. A study in the Lancet later confirmed the value of favouring protein and fat over carbs well before a once overweight c
12、ardiologist named Robert Atkins figured this out for himself. Horace Fletcher, otherwise known as “The Great Masticator”, was emphatic about chewing each mouthful of food until it was liquid, and counted John D. Rockefeller and Franz Kafka among his disciples.There have been other gurus, plans, drug
13、s and devices, but most offer short-lived results and long-term angst. Lasting changes need slow but steady modifications to lifestyle. Inspired by those early Greeks, who wished to achieve personal balance, not an ideal body type, Ms Foxcroft offers a suggestion that sounds enough like a resolution
14、: “make sensible choices and stick to them.”文艺；书评；节食的历史；狂欢和清理；卡路里和束身衣：2022年来的节食历史 Lousise Foxcroft 着。在假日的狂欢之后，很多人宿醉，下着不坚决的决心，立志要减去数磅体重，在跌跌撞撞中进入了一月。哎呀，少有人会得益于严格计算卡路里饮食或是食用卷心菜汤所带来的好处。最近有一项关于31个长期节食打算的讨论，美国心理协会发觉有超过三分之二的参加者在完毕打算时比他们开头时还要重。一些饮食打算明显比其他的要有效果，但是任何快速有效的养生方法都注定让它的实践者们失败。减肥药片和手术经过时间的验证，同样效果不佳
15、有时甚至很危急。然而，腰围治理仍旧是一件大事，这里布满着有推销力量的商家和伪科学（燃烧脂肪的唇膏？），每年就仅仅在美国就可以挣得400亿美元。“节食产业几乎只有开发和盈利” Louise Foxcroft在卡路里和束束身衣一书中写道，她薄薄的新书描述了节食的历史。她的书与其说是一场盛宴，不如说是一本激起人食欲的菜单（整本书语调轻松，观点明确，有时有些咄咄逼人），Foxcroft按时间挨次，编写了2022多年来的行动者, 有影响的人物和减肥人士, 既写聪慧人，也记叙奇怪的人。“diet”节食这个单词来源于希腊语“diata”,意思是使身体和心灵都安康的方法。传统的医师认为太胖或者太瘦都是不平衡的
16、标志。人类“依靠食物安康地生存必需要有定量的运动” 希波克拉底得出这个结论，他崇尚早餐，长距离的行走和适当呕吐。哲学家如苏格拉底发觉了食物和道德之间的关系，吃大餐通常会导致人的贪欲和不公正行为。不同于其他致命的罪恶，暴饮暴食是显而易见的，因此常招致严峻的批判，好像重量就是放纵纵容和懒散的证据（直到20世纪，遗传学和新陈代谢之间的联系才被发觉）尤其是在困难时期如两次世界大战，肥胖的人往往被视为是叛徒。17世纪，人们可以吃到更多的食物，对于矮胖之人的羞辱也与日俱增，这一切引发了束身衣的流行。束身衣可以致使人肋骨重叠，口臭，甚至是死亡。Foxcroft 女士指出，当谈到节食时，女性通常占据着主导地位。她们常因暴食受到责备，因虚荣招致批判，因心神不定而被人利用，因丈夫和孩子身上的肥肉受到指责。直到18世纪，人们关于节食的想法大都关于安康饮食，道德和掌握。排泄和催吐特别普遍，但是很多哲学
