实用英语写作技巧

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1、实用英语写作技巧第一单元 段落简介11段落段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思:或描写事物(describe something),或争论某事(argue about something),或对某事提出疑问(question something),或要求什么(demand something),或给事物下定义(define something),或驳斥某观点(reject something)。12典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成:(1)主题句(the topic sentence);(2)说明或支持主题的推展句( supporting sentences);(3)结论

2、句(the concluding sentence)(有些段落没有该部分)。示范段落1-1We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs In addition, it can bring about other health

3、 problems such as heart and lung diseases It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society13示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:主题句: We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit,because it causes health problems推展句: 1 Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lun

4、gs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs2 It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases结论句: It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题: What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause?随后的两个

5、推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。第二单元 主题句简介21主题句 作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。22主题句的形式主题句通常有以下三种形式:1)肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)Example: The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before2)反诘句(Rhetorical Sentence)Example: How do you think peo

6、ple will solve the problem of wildlife protection?3)不完整句(Fragments)Example: And the workingman?初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。23主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:1)段首(At the beginning)主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。2)段末(At the end)用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。3)段中(In the middle)有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。4)隐含(Implied)有时

7、候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。第三单元 如何写好主题句31关于写主题句的建议 1)要写合乎语法的句子Example 1: Two causes of the American Civil War这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。Example 2: There were two causes that led to the American Civil War重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。2)要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这

8、一观点。Example 3: Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasons从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”( topic),他将要把 “train”( aspect)和“ air travel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。3)要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。Example 4: In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”,Krebs tell

9、s his mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。Example 5: In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”, Kreb is a lonely, cynical veteran这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical”展开段落。Example 6: Let me tell you something about overpopulation这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。Example 7: Why has the wor

10、ld population been increasing sorapidly in the last decades?这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades”,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。第四单元 如何写推展句41段落的推展在前几单元中,我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由,第一步,写出主题句:There are two main reasons why

11、 I have decided to attend Bingston University next year第二步,以数个理由推展你的主题:示范段落4-1 There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Bingston University next year First of all, there is the question of money:Bingstonvs tuition is reasonable and I dont even have to pay it all at once This is very i

12、mportant, since my father is not a rich man With Bingstons “deferred payment plan,” my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much difficultyThe second resaon is the fine education which I feed will receive there in agriculture, my chosen field It is a well-known fact that Bingston hires

13、only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department Moreover, the university reqires all agricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in the areawhile they are still going to school42示范段落分析细节: two main reasons:理由 1financial considerationa reasonable tuitionb deferred pa

14、yment plan理由 2quality of educationa fine teachersb practical experience在两个主要理由之下,作者用更小的细节支持它们。由此可见,段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细节(details)。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为“支配方法”( the dominant method),必要时,可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法”( the supporting method)。上面的示范段落使用因果法(cause-and-effect)作为支配方法,分类法(division and classification)作为辅助方法

15、。作者还运用了“重要性排列顺序”(the order of importance)作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。我们将在以下各单元逐个讨论这些方法。第五单元如何写结论句51结论句第一单元曾提到,段落由三个部分组成,最后一部分就是结论句( the concluding sentence)。结论句通常与主题句一样包含有段落的中心思想,然而所用措辞与主题句不同。在示范段落 1-1,主题句是: We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems结论句是: It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society52关于写结论句的建议1)把握主题句的关键词例如在关于“cigarette smoking”的示范段落 1-1中,中心思想是“the health problems caused by cigarette smoking,关键词是“health problems”。2)总结细节,回答主题句中隐含的问题。在上述示范段落中,隐含的问题是“What are the health pr

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