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1、Lesson10InternationalPaymentGenerallyspeaking,itisnotverydifficultforbuyersandsellersindomestictradetogettoknoweachothersfinancialstatusandotherinformation,andpaymentislikelytobemadeinastraightforwardmanner,say(forexample)byremittanceorbydebitingthedebtorsaccount.Ininternationaltrade,however,thingsa
2、refarmorecomplicated.Purchaseandsaleofgoodsandservicesarecarriedoutbeyondnationalboundaries,whichmakeitratherdifficultforthepartiesconcernedinthetransactiontogetadequateinformationabouteachothersfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness（资信；信誉）.Therefore,mutualtrustishardtobuild.Boththeexporterandimporter
3、facerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymaynotfulfillthecontract.Fortheexporterthereistheriskofbuyerdefault（不按期付款）Theimportermightfailtopayinfullforthegoods.Hemightgobankrupt.Hisgovernmentmight,forvariousreasons,ban（禁止）tradewiththeexportingcountryorbanimportsofcertaincommodities.Thebu
4、yermightrunintodifficultiesgettingtheforeignexchangetopayforthegoods.Itisevenpossiblethatthebuyerisnotreliableandsimplyrefusestopaytheagreedamountonvariousexcuses.Onthepartoftheimporter,thereistheriskthattheshipmentwillbedelayed,andhemightonlyreceivethemlongafterpayment.Thedelaymaybecausedbyproblems
5、inproductionortransportation,andsuchdelaysmayleadtolossofbusiness.Thereisalsoariskthatwronggoodsmightbesentasaresultofnegligence（疏忽大意）oftheexporterorsimplybecauseofhislackofintegrity（honesty）.Politicalriskssuchaswar,quotas,foreignexchangecontrol;commercialriskslikemarketchangeandexchangeratefluctuat
6、ions（波动）;andevenlanguagebarriersalladdupto(increase)theproblemsininternationaltrade.Becauseoftheseproblemsandrisks,exportersarehesitanttoreleasetheirgoodsbeforereceivingpayment,whileimportersprefertohavecontroloverthegoodsbeforepartingwiththeirmoney.Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewith
7、differentsituationsininternationaltrade.WhenthepoliticalandTeconomicsituationintheimportingcountrymakespaymentuncertainorwhenthebuyerscreditstandingisdubious(doubtful),theexportermayprefercashinadvanceorpartialcashinadvance.Inthiscase,theimporterhasnoguaranteethattheexporterwillfulfillhisobligations
8、oncehehasmadepaymentbycash.Ifthebuyerandthesellerknoweachotherwell,theymaydecidetotradeonopenaccount.Thismeansthatnodocumentsareinvolvedandthatlegally(intermsoflaw)thebuyercanpayanytime.Thesellerlosesallcontroloverthegoodsoncetheyhavebeenshipped.Salesonthisbasisareusuallypaidforbyperiodicpayment,and
9、obviouslytheexportermusthavesufficientfinancialstrength经济实力tocarrythecostofthegoodsuntilreceivingpayment.Iftheexporterwishestoretain（保留）titleorownership（所有权）tothegoods,hecanenterintoconsignmenttransactions.Thismeanstheexporterhastosendhisgoodsabroadandwillnotgetpaymentuntilthegoodsaresold.Ifnotsold,
10、thegoodscanbeshippedback.Therefore,thisarrangementshouldonlybemadewithfullunderstandingoftherisksinvolvedandispreferablytobelimitedtostablecountrieswheretheexporterhasatrustedagenttolookafterhisinterest.Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft（汇票），which,alsoreferredtoasthebillofexc
11、hange,isanunconditional（无条件的）ordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemand（立艮卩）oratafixedtimeinthefuture.Thepersonwhodraws（开立）thedraft,usuallytheexporter,iscalledthedrawer（出票人），andthepersontowhomthedraftisdrawniscalledthedrawee（受票人）Thereisyetanotherpartypayee（收款人），i.e.thepersonreceivingth
12、epayment,whoandthedraweraregenerallybutnotnecessarilythesameperson,asthedrawercaninstructthedraweeeithertopay“totheorderofourselves”ortotheorderofsomeoneelse,forinstance,thebank.Adraftiseitherasightdraftorausancedraft（alsocalledtenordraftortermdraft）.Theformercallsfor（needs）immediatepaymentonpresent
13、ation（提示）tothedraweewhilethelatterispayableatalaterdate,e.g.30,45,60,or90daysaftersightordate.Adraftiseitherclean（cleandraft光票）（withoutdocuments）ordocumentary（documentarydraft跟单汇票）.Inthelattercase,thedraftisaccompanied（attached）bytherelevantdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,theinvoice,theinsurancepolic
14、yetc.Indocumentarycollection(跟单托收),theexportersendsthedraftandtheshippingdocuments运输单据representingtitletothegoodstohisbank，whichforwards(sends)themtoanotherbankintheimporterscountry，whichinturncontactsthecustomer(importer).Inthecaseofdocumentsagainstpayment(D/P)付款交单，documentswillnotbereleasedtotheim
15、porteruntilpaymentiseffected执行.ThereareD/PatsightandD/Paftersight.Theformerrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.Thelattergivestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandise货物.Inthecaseofdocumentsaga
16、instacceptance(D/A)承兑交单,documentsarehandedovertotheimporteruponhisacceptance(承兑)ofthebillofexchangedrawnbytheexporter.Paymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdate.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.Sofarastheexportersinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.Inactualtrade,paymentbycollectionshouldbeacceptedwithdiscretion（小心）.Itisusuallyusedwhenthefinancialstandingoftheimporterissound（良好的）,orwhentheexporterwishest
