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1、2013年职称英语理工类语法词汇讲解01常见的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。It is from the sun that we get light and heat.It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.使用此句型时, 应注意以下几点。(1) 一般情况用It is(was)that如:He read three books in the libra
2、ry yesterday.我们分别可以强调主语、宾语、地点状语和时间状语。如:It was he who(that)read three books in the library yesterday. (强调主语)It was three books that he read in the library yesterday. (强调宾语)It was in the library that he read three books yesterday. (强调时间状语)(2) 当被强调部分指人时, 可用that, 也可用who; 指物时, 只用that, 如:It was Tom who(th
3、at)I met last week.It is a new boke that his brother wants to buy.013年职称英语理工类语法词汇讲解02(3) 强调状语时, 只用that, 不用when、where. 如:It is at 5 oclock that the train will arrive.(4) 被强调的部分是主语时, 注意句子的谓语动词和被强调的主语保持一致。如:It is he who is late. It is they that were late.(5) 一般疑问句的强调句为Is (was) it + that?; 特殊疑问句为: 特殊疑问词
4、+ is (was) +that?结构。如:Was it ten years ago that his father died?他的父亲是十年前去世的吗?When is it that you will set off?你到底什么时候出发?(6) notuntil句型的强调结构为It is not untilthat应注意把否定词not转移到until前面。如:I didnt go home until rain stopped. 直到雨停了我才回家。强调句为: It was not until rain stopped that I went home.I didnt know the ne
5、ws until yesterday. 直到昨天我才知道那个消息。强调句为: It was not until yesterday that I knew the news.原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
6、强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.C.倒装句：(这是我们在阅读文章时常见到的句式。)英语中主语在前谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装; 助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装。 全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。2013年职称英语理工
7、类语法词汇讲解03.全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：1) There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。2) Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了3) Here is your letter.这是你的信。2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1) Out rushed a missile from under
8、the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2) Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1) Here he comes. 他来了。 2) Away they went.他们走了。2013年职称英语理工类语法词汇讲解04.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at n
9、o time, in no way, not until, scarcely , barely , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。例如：1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother
10、leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。4) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。如否定词不在句首不倒装。只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。2.表示也、也不 的so, ne
11、ither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。2) If you wont go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为的确如此。例如：1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。2) -Its raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的确很大。3.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短
12、语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如：Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。2013年职称英语理工类语法词汇讲解05.其他部分倒装1. so that 句型中的so 位
13、于句首时，需倒装。例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。D. 简单句的五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：千变万化
14、的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：2013年职称英语理工类语法词汇讲解061. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) S + V解读：在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。如：I work.我工作。My head aches.我头疼。The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 S+V+O解读：该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：
15、I finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜欢住在中国。She studies English.她学英语。3. 主语+谓语+表语 S+V+P解读：此句型中的谓语动词是系动词，它本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，它必须和表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式结构等充当。该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是); get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如：My books are on the
